Analysis Of The Poem The Ode On Intimations Of...

Sometimes, art is a joke, or an explanation, or a song. Art can inspire, destroy, or create. Art can be whatever you need it to be. Sometimes, you need a scream. A scream into a void telling it what you think and feel all the while hoping for a scream back. That s what Ode on Intimations of Immortality From Early Childhood by William Wordsworth is, Wordsworth s desperate attempt to scream into the void the best he could. But, what is he trying to say? The title is the first indication of the meaning of the poem. Since Wordsworth calls it an ode, he is saying that the intimations of immortality from early childhood are what he will be addressing in this poem. An intimation is the first indication or hint of something. So, the title is†¦show more content†¦He doesn’t say what the thought was or what relived the thought, but it is interesting to note that from the shepherd boy to the lamb to the bird all carry connotations of youth and vibrancy. As we see later on, this connection between youth and nature goes much deeper. The joy felt throughout this stanza is carried over into the fourth stanza where there is a such a vibrant celebration even the very earth is a part of it. During this celebration, he says that it would be an evil day if he were upset right now. This almost suggests that he is unhappy right now and is forcing himself to be happy. It guides the reader to question this happiness and separate the narra tor, and in turn themselves, from the scene laid out before them. The distrust is only heightened when from the very trees and flowers themselves a question is whispered. Where is that dream from before? Where did it go? This is how the fourth stanza concludes as it lays the groundwork for the rest of the poem by tying together the first four stanzas. These first four stanzas are used by Wordsworth to prepare the reader to understand him. Throughout the first four stanzas, Wordsworth continually drives home the separation between this man and the nature around him. From the inability to fully see nature in the first stanza or the thought of grief from the third stanza, this separation is always there. It’s never a negative thing. Wordsworth doesn’t implyShow MoreRelated`` Ode : Intimations Of Immortality From Recollections Of Early Childhood ``919 Words   |  4 Pagesextract the useful information from the literacy works. However, everyone has their own interpretation to the same literacy work, and it is not caused by those knowledge. In the poem, â€Å"Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood†, William Wordsworth discusses the ever-changing relati onship between the human being and the God. He carefully chooses the words that clearly relate to his religious belief, which leads readers are able to avoid the effect from the biblical allusion andRead MoreA Child is the Father of Man2480 Words   |  10 Pagesthe father of Man† Wordsworth wrote a poem The Rainbow and left behind a very famous saying that â€Å"child is the father of man.† This statement has been interpreted by various critics in various ways. For Wordsworth, it is important because a child is spiritually very elevated. He has a direct link with nature. He says that a child is a symbol of purity and innocence which remains untarnished until he grows up and gets engaged in worldly affairs. Wordsworth thinks a child is more akin

The Apology By Bernard Of Clairvaux - 1143 Words

Luxury played an immense role in medieval Catholicism by taking the focus from God and placing it on the acquisition of riches and glory, which is shown by these sources: The Apology by Bernard of Clairvaux, The Book of Suger by The Abbot Suger and Guilty Pleasures: Luxury in the Middle Ages. These sources demonstrate the exorbitant manner that the churches and monasteries were being built in during that time. This not only drew attention away from the real reason for these buildings, but also was a form of idolatry for these monks, despite the honest intentions of some of them, including the Abbot Suger. Each source lends different insight into the corruption of the church during this medieval period. Apology by Bernard of Clairvaux†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In short, so many and so marvelous are the various shapes surrounding us that it is more pleasant to read the marble tanthe books, and to spend the whole day marveling over these things rather than meditating on the law of God†1 Bernard realized that despite their best efforts, the monks of Cluny could not help but be distracted from God by the riches. Therefore, he tries to bring this to attention in his writing. Another criticism that Bernard brings up in his writing is the integration of the Cluniac monks into society. He mentions that the Cluniac monks are using luxury for the acquisition of more riches, as well as for the attraction of more wealthy benefactors. He asks the Cluniac monks what they are expecting to receive for their efforts, â€Å"Admiration from the foolish? Offering from the ignorant? Or scattered as we are among the gentiles, are we learning their tricks and serving their idols?â⠂¬ 1 Bernard brings up a good point, which is that the Cluniac monks are becoming too worldly. They are becoming too focused on the contributions that they will receive from the world, in order to decorate their churches and monasteries. They are forgetting that they became monks to leave the world behind. The Abbot of Suger has a very contradictory view towards the luxury, which he expounds upon in The Book of Suger. He states the reasoning for the beginning of the luxury that was lavished upon the buildings. In the twenty-third year of

United states syria intervention Free Essays

Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan and Israel. Syria has gained independence in 1930, but always had political problems. The civil war that sparked in 2011 and continued in 2012, the war completely devastated the country. We will write a custom essay sample on United states syria intervention or any similar topic only for you Order Now More than 45,000 people were believed to be killed, most of them probably civilians. By the end of 2012 a thousands more were Injured. About 470,000 Syrian refugees were registered with the United Nations to give civilians access to countries Like Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, and Jordan, while thousands of other people cross the border without registration. The united States government is practically bankrupt right now; the financial system is on the verge of a collapse. Ever since the military campaign â€Å"War on Terror† which started as a result of the September 11 attack. It was a military campaign to eliminate al-Qaeda. As of today this campaign Is still ongoing. From the beginning of the ‘War on Terror our national debt was under six billion dollars. Today It has increased to 14. 3 trillion dollars. That’s where the taxpayer moneys go. â€Å"Finally, there is also a strategic argument in favor of intervention. The U. S. Has o strategic interests in Syria, but it does have them in nearly all of Syrians neighbors. Turkey is a NATO ally. † – Kenneth M. Pollack. Pollack is stating that the U. S government really doesn’t reason to intervene there because they don’t have plans, they only wish to do an airstrips. History Intends to repeat Itself, This situation Is almost the same as the on Iraq. President Bush administered a â€Å"War on Terror†. President Bush believed that Iraq had biological weapons which proven to be false. Billions of taxpayer money has been wasted on the war. Moreover, United States also wanted to establish democracy n Iraq. Democracy wasn’t around for long, instead riots started breaking out. Sunnis and Shiite militants attacked U. S troops. Then a civil war broke out between the Sunnis and the Shiites. Violence after Violence, I can predict the same fate for Syria too. I am not the only one who is opposed against this, most of our fellow Americans are too is against this, and only nine percent of Americans believes that united States should take military actions against Syria. With support like that no wonder Obama backed out of this. Moreover, Syria poses no threat to us. So far no one has pointed out on how attacking Syria Is vital to the United States. The U. S military Job is to protect the security of United States, not to Intervene with other nations. Government. The United States don’t seem to be seeking out Sad. There is clearly no goal here. The United States is left open for another war, wasting more of the taxpayer’s money. All the taxpayers’ money can be used in our education system, or our NASA program. The government needs to spend our money more wisely. I also believe it is unacceptable to encourage more war. As far as I’m concerned, ar always means failure† – Jacques Circa. War solves nothing, leaders must find peaceful way to resolve their issues, and therefore war only brings pain and violence to people’s lives. How to cite United states syria intervention, Papers

The Effect of Communication on Organisational Goal Attainment free essay sample

Since the inception of organizational communication in the 60’s, work has been done to develop it which then resulted in books being specifically written about organizational communication. As the organizational environment changes, there are more dynamic ways to deal with the challenges to ensure that the goal of the organization is achieved. For example, if an organization such as the DE UNITED FOODS INDUSTRIES LIMITED, the manufacturer of Indomie Noodles in Nigeria is faced with productivity challenges; downward communication is used to communicate the goals and the consequences for not achieving the goals. The success of an organization depends on how well it designs its communication strategies to effectively communicate with internal and external stakeholders. The importance of information flow within an organization can result in high productivity and customer satisfaction. For example, if DE UNITED FOODS INDUSTRIES LIMITED enters to a productivity agreement of 30 Trailer cartons of Indomie per week with a client, employees must be informed about that agreement. Communication in an organization is initiated at various levels which results in design of the message according to various audience needs, bearing in mind the channels through which the message travels and feedback to the sender. The different categories of employee levels will be taken into consideration, i. e. management, supervisors, full time union representatives and operational staff. Organizations are structured such that power and authority is delegated according to seniority which enforces the acceptable behaviour within the organization. Each function does not exist alone but depends on other function which is why an organization is seen as a system. For example, the operations department at DE UNITED FOODS INDUSTRIES LIMITED has a significant relationship with as well as human resources department for the production process. In an organization there are various functions which need to be carried out. Consequently, communication becomes central in the delivery of those functions. Furthermore, communication is used to coordinate various activities and information must flow in various directions. It is the function of management to transfer to the subordinates instructions and information about the goals and objective of the organization. Subordinates are expected to provide feedback about their performance and offer suggestions to improve their performance. Employees at the same level need to share information which might have taken time to reach them due to the hierarchical levels. DE UNITED FOOD INDUSTRIES LIMITED is one of the core business divisions of INDOFOOD SUKSES MARMUR TBK, Indonesia which is a private organization. The core business of DE UNITED FOODS INDUSTRIES LIMITED is to produce Noodles for the teeming population of Nigeria. According to DUFIL(DE UNITED FOOD INDUSTRIES LIMITED) Human Resources communication update (January 2009), DUFIL employs 600 direct employees and 1000 indirect employees respectively, most of whom are mature and have been with the organization for up to 15 years. As the company serves her teeming consumers and clients, it is required to keep up with the changing business challenges. These changes include majorly, sustainability in the competitive business environment and how to achieve the goals, aims and objective of the organization profitably. As a result of the DUFIL four points turnaround strategy which is aimed amongst other things the achievement of a healthy balance sheet and process re-engineering. Employees have low morale which results in low productivity due to changes in processes and structures as well as pressure to achieve objectives in a limited timeframe. The identifiable possible causes of the problem of low performance of the employees can be attributed to the following; ? Lack of effective communication; ? Ineffective leadership supervision; ? Lack of motivation. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Communication problems always exist in complex organizations like DUFIL. The challenge for management is to minimize the level of dysfunctional operation. However, identifying the causes of poor communication is a complex task. As Buchanan and Huczynski (2004,P. 79) assert that the factors affecting communication are wide-ranging and often depend on multiple variables; â€Å"Organizations systematically inhibit communication through hierarchical structures, power and status differences, the design and gendered differentiation of jobs, the nature of employment contracts, physical layouts and rules. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study is to critically analyze the effect of communication in achieving organizational goal within DUFIL, Nigeria. T he study will focus on the content of information to the various levels of the organization. Downs Adrian (2004:62) believes that in a healthy organization, information flows upward, downward, horizontal and diagonal. Therefore, it is imperative that DUFIL use the different flows effectively. Should the flows not be utilized effectively corrective measures must be put in place. Different structures and levels of authority in an organization result in different flows of communication. For example, communication between senior clerks is horizontal flow of communication whilst information from the manager to the senior clerk is downward communication.. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The principle questions are: 1. What are the impacts of effective communication on organizational goal? 2. How does effective communication affect organizational goal? 3. What are the factors influencing employees performance? 4. What are the measures hat improve employees performance? STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS 1 H0: Effective communication does not have an effect in achieving organizational goal. H1: Effective communication has had an effect in achieving organizational goal. HYPOTHESIS 2 HO: Efficient supervision through communication does not increase workers output HI: Efficient supervision through communication increases workers output. HYPOTHESIS 3 HO: Adequate information does not increase workers productivity. HO: Adequate information increases workers productivity. RESEARCH AIM OBJECTIVES At the end of this research work we should be able to examine the effective communication in achieving organisational goal. The research aims to examine other related factors that affect organisational goal. Finally, to explore what strategies are needed to help staff understand the role of effective communication in relation to employee performance to achieving organisational goal. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH SHALL BE The objectives of the research shall be ? To examine how effective communication impacts on organisational goal. ? Explore related factors influencing employee performance to achieve organisational goal. ? Recommend appropriate measures to improve employee performance. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The rationale for embarking on the research is because ineffective management is one of the biggest problems of the DUFIL. It is intended to find out how the identified problems confronting DUFIL can be resolved in order to enhance performance and move the company forward. This becomes imperative against the objectives of the DUFIL’s efforts to enhance effectiveness, and the increasing need to pay attention to the study of organisational goal in the establishment in order   to help managers understand how best to harness employee performance for the benefit of the organisational goal. SCOPE OF STUDY The brief discussion about communication in an organization and its function forms the basis of the study at DUFIL. It provides the conceptual background for the study. The discussion will cover the functions, characteristics of communication and the various flows of communication to lay grounds for the literature review and the study itself. One of the solutions to business re-engineering at DUFIL will be to change the operational processes. Communication will serve as an agent of change. Communication, as advised by Robbins (1998:310) serves four functions, whilst Downs Adrian (2004:60) identify five functions. The four functions by Robbins are: control, motivation, emotional expression and information. Adrian Downs identify the following functions of communication: task/work, social/maintenance, motivation, integration, and innovation. Although they differ in topics some are similar in discussion, except the innovation function. These communication functions are discussed briefly below. Control function The flow of communication in an organization is controlled by the value and procedures of the organization. The types of messages which are sent, the source, and the channel are controlled by the authority or management. The study will attempt to discuss the effectiveness of the control function at DUFIL. Management communication which is referred to as the formal communication is controlled by the management of the organization. Although Downs Adrian (2004: 60) refer to task or work function their argument supports Robbins in those supervisors inform, instruct, command, identify goals and announce controls. The policies contain the controls on how the tasks need to be carried out. Motivation function Motivation is fostered upon employees by clarifying what is to be done, how well they are doing and what can be done to improve performance. The formation of specific goals, feedback on progress towards the goals and re-enforcement of desired behaviour all stimulate motivation. The communication that takes place within the group is a fundamental mechanism by which members show their frustration and feelings of satisfaction. Downs Adrian (2004:60) on the subject of motivation, argue that employees cannot always be ordered or commanded. They can, however, be persuaded to do their jobs. Employees are motivated by both their managers and their colleagues. Emotional expression function Communication, therefore, provides a release of emotional expression of feelings and fulfillment of social needs. Employees spend approximately eight hours at work every day so their work environment is seen as a place where they can socialize. Downs Adrian (2004:61) discuss this function under. Social or maintenance function Where they argue that the immediate goal of maintenance communication enhance the individual’s feeling of self-worth and to place high value on co-operation. Information function Communication also provides information which enables individuals and groups to make decisions by transmitting data to identify and evaluate alternative choices. An enormous amount of information is needed by the employees to operate effectively and efficiently. The informative function is important because managers need accurate, timely and well-organized information to reach decisions or to resolve conflict. Without a constant flow of information, managers cannot take informed decisions. Consequently, success may be the result of chance than an informed decision. Downs Adrian (2004:61) further argue this point through the function of integration. They are of the opinion that the information provided links to inform the employees about the organization. Innovation function Downs Adrian (2004:61) argue over and above the four functions by Robins that for modern organizations to adapt to the environment, they turn to the employees for suggestions. In addition to the suggestion system, problem solving meetings quality circles and goal setting are means of being innovative. In the discussion that follows, cognizance will be taken of the characteristics and the flows of communication in an organization. The discussion of functions and characteristics will lay a foundation for the study in terms of understanding organizational communication. Communication characteristics Mersham Skinner (2004:68) identify a number of communication characteristics viz. : Communication is a fundamental component of management. Communication within an organization should be viewed as a contributing partner with other key staff functions in influencing employee understanding of both business goals and public relation issues. Commitment by top management. There should be support for the communication process at all levels of authority in an organization. An overall company policy on organizational communication and guidelines for managers and supervisors are important. A communication strategy is essential. Communication must be a planned process and it should include all stakeholders’ issues and desires. The plan should be revised each year and aligned to business strategy. Managers are key to success. Managers are key catalysts for effective communication and the communication system must recognize their need for information, training and rewards for effective communication performance. Top executives should set the example by being accessible, share important information and ideas even if they are negative. Most importantly, all managers need to ensure that ideas and criticism are acted upon or transmitted to the appropriate persons for appropriate action. Priority issues should form the content. The latter mentioned should be the core content of the management communication programme and should be discussed in an open understandable manner through various channels of communication. Regular evaluation will ensure effectiveness. The communication process should undergo regular evaluation to prove its worth in terms of employee management relations as well as employee performance and awareness of key public issues. It is essential that the communication function be tested periodically to determine its effectiveness and to give direction for improvement. The discussion on the role of communication and characteristics is followed by the discussion of the main flows of communication in an organization. Organizational communication and various flows The structure of an organization forms the basis for the division of labour and function, delegation of decision making authority and horizontal and vertical coordination. The study focuses on the four flows of information in an organization which are; downward, upward, horizontal and diagonal. These will be discussed briefly and dealt with in detail in the literature review. Downward communication flow Downward communication flow refers to communication directed to lower levels of the hierarchy by higher levels. According to Verwey Du Plooy-Cilliers (2002:164), hierarchical structures lead to re-enforced control which is linked to the control function as discussed earlier. The organizational structure has a major impact on downward communication. The purpose of downward communication flow is to give instructions, provide information about procedures and practices and communicate goals and strategic objectives of the organization. Upward communication Upward communication refers to messages that flow from subordinates to superiors. Verwey Du Plooy-Cilliers (2002:165) believe that effective communication in an organization is possible only if management not only speaks, but also listens. The purpose of upward communication include, amongst other, the giving of feedback on performance, seeking clarity on the task allowing worker participation and providing information necessary for effective decision making. Horizontal communication Horizontal communication flow refers to communication amongst people who are at the same organizational level of authority. Messages at this level tend to be functional and usually task orientated. Fielding (2006:53) describes this as sideways communication. The purpose hereof is information sharing, problem solving, conflict resolution and co-ordination. Diagonal communication Diagonal communication flow refers to communication across the organizational levels. Diagonal communication occurs amongst people at different levels of the organizational hierarchy and in different departments. Pace Faules (1994:126) refer to this as cross channel communication. The purpose hereof is to create relationships related to tasks. The following discussion will focus on the background and the methods which will be utilized to analyze DUFIL communication flows. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Communication: is the activity of conveying meaningful information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the senders intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Therefore, Business Communication: communication used to promote a product, service, or organization; relay information within the business; or deal with legal and similar issues. 2. Organisation: is a social group which distributes tasks for a collective goal. Also it can be described as the persons (or committees or departments etc. who make up a body for the purpose of administering something. However, business organization can be defined as a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it. 3. Downward communication flow Downward communication flow refers to communication directed to lower levels of the hierarchy by higher levels. According to Verwey Du Plooy-Cilliers (2002:164), hierarchical structures lead to re-enforced control which is linked to the control func tion as discussed earlier. The organizational structure has a major impact on downward communication. The purpose of downward communication flow is to give instructions, provide information about procedures and practices and communicate goals and strategic objectives of the organization. 4. Upward communication Upward communication refers to messages that flow from subordinates to superiors. Verwey Du Plooy-Cilliers (2002:165) believe that effective communication in an organization is possible only if management not only speaks, but also listens. The purpose of upward communication include, amongst other, the giving of feedback on performance, seeking clarity on the task allowing worker participation and providing information necessary for effective decision making. 5. Horizontal communication Horizontal communication flow refers to communication amongst people who are at the same organizational level of authority. Messages at this level tend to be functional and usually task orientated. Fielding (2006:53) describes this as sideways communication. The purpose hereof is information sharing, problem solving, conflict resolution and co-ordination. . Diagonal communication Diagonal communication flow refers to communication across the organizational levels. Diagonal communication occurs amongst people at different levels of the organizational hierarchy and in different departments. Pace Faules (1994:126) refer to this as cross channel communication. The purpose hereof is to create relationships related to tasks 7. Management: Th e organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of defined objectives.

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Two-Dimensions Alphabetical-Alphabetical Matrix (2DAAM) Numbering

Two-Dimensions Alphabetical-Alphabetical Matrix (2DAAM) Numbering Free Online Research Papers Two-Dimensions Alphabetical-Alphabetical Matrix (2DAAM) Numbering for Telephone Numbering Plan Systems More Addresses, Less Number of Digits! Decimal National Numbering Plan†¦ Goodbye! Mag. Hasan Meslmani Abstract- In this paper, a new mechanism for Numbering Plan system of Geographical and Non-geographical for both Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is proposed using Two-Dimensions Alphabetical-Alphabetical Numbering (2DAAN), taking into account the increasing demands for numbering capacity for both subscribers and the services in order to meet growth of subscribers numbers and telephone services, such as Free Services or Value-Added Services. This research suggests a new mechanism for numbering which is different from the conventional methods for numbering plans according to recommendations of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) using Pre-Initial Access Isolation Principle (PIASP) and presenting the telephone number as an address for using the whole Possibilities range of Generated Addresses (PGA) for the usage elements. Therefore, this research aims to reduce the digits in telephone number for both fixed and mobile telephones, ren umbering the national call code or Local Area Code (LAC) within a certain country, renumbering the Country Code (CC) for each country according to ISO 3166 Alpha-2 Code list, standardization the Length of National Number, and standardization the National Numbering Plan (NNP) in each country. I. INTRODUCTION Two-Dimensions Alphabetical-Alphabetical Matrix (2DAAM) numbering This technique aims to create a huge ranges of addresses for numbering plan by means of using less number of digits taking into account designation of sufficient capacity for geographic areas and non geographic services to meet growth of telephone services, designation of numbering capacity for the future introduction of new services and designation of spare capacity in the form of codes and number ranges that are not associated with any known services and therefore potentially suitable for unforeseen expansion or the introduction of brand new services. The new mechanism depends on two main stages. The first one assumes enlargement the current numbering range by replacement its decimal elements with bigger range consists of the Latin characters elements which it fortunately already used in the current telephone keypad to execute some secondary functions. The second stage assumes using enlargement principle ones more by dropping these elements on coordinates axis by creating two dimensions mathematical model of Possibilities Theory to obtain on a big base which have the ability to generate huge range of addresses. It is the right time to redesign a new keypad which contains buttons presenting the Latin Alphabetical characters as a first function to support this technique, [1]. But this requires unfortunately partly or totally opposition some recommendations of the ITU on the international public telecommunication numbering plan such as E.123, E.163, E.164 and E.212, [2]. II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL A new mathematical model supporting the new mechanism of numbering plan for producing much more addresses sufficient to identify the huge numbers of subscribers has been developed. The general possibilities form of the Mathematical Model for the total sums of Total Generated Addresses (TGA) for a certain range can be written in the following expression (1): [1] (1) By choosing the Decimal Number range as a selected range, the previous expression can be re-written as: (2) (2) By applying this model on Two Dimensions Matrix (2D Matrix), The general form of Mathematical Model for the possibility of the produced numbers or addresses resulting from a certain range is shown in expression (3) (3) Now, by applying this model on Two Dimensions Matrix (2D Matrix), both rows and colons will be the 26th Latin alphabet characters resulting (26*26) Matrix and can be named 2D Alphabetical- Alphabetical Matrix. The components of all elements for the whole range of matrix is given in expression (4) (4) Classes of Calls When this study is applied for Calls Traffic according to Class of Calls for one month by random sample method on a set consisting of (100) suscribers belong to Sabil Exchange in Aleppo city, the following results have been obtaind and summerized in Table 1. Emergency Service International National Mobile Local Call Types 6 5 4 3 2 1 Levels %5 %5 %10 %15 %35 %40 Percentages Table 1: Calls classes As the result of that, six major classification types of calling can be followed when two A and B parties are executing calling. These classifications are: 1 Local Call 2 Mobile Call 3 National Call 4 International Call 5 Service Call 6 Emergency Call This classification will help the construction of a new hierarchy call address from one side, guiding to blow up the traditional design of the current telephone keypad and finally inspire the practical steps to redesign the button layout in the new keypad to support this hierarchy from other side, as it is illustrated in Fig. 1, [3,6]. Fig. 1: Classes of calls between the called parties (A) and (B) presentation and its percentages value. Application of Mathematical Model The general formula of the Mathematical Model for the total sums of Total Generated Addresses (TGA) possibilities for 2D Alphabetical-Alphabetical Matrix range can be shown in expression (4), from that, the following results can be obtained A. For n= 1 : B. For n= 2 : C. For n= 3 : D. For n= 4 : E. For n= 5 : From the previous (7), (10), (13), (16) and (19) equations and matrixes, the following Table shows the Total Generated Addresses (TGA) according to the number of digits for the 2D Alphabetical-Alphabetical Matrix (2DAAM) numbering [1]. 5digit 4digit 3digit 2digit 1digit n 141,167,095,653,376 208,827,064,576 308,915,776 456,976 676 TGA Table 2: Shows the Total Generated Addresses (TGA) according to the number of digits in the proposed (2DAAM) numbering. While, the Total Generated Addresses (TGA) in connection with the number of digits for the Decimal Numbering can be summerized in Table 3 [7], [8]. 7digit 6digit 5digit 4digit 3digit 2digit 1digit n 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 TGA Table 3: Shows the Total Generated Addresses (TGA) according to the number of digits in the current decimal numbering. By applying this proposed model on different ranges, we can obtain of the following different curves which reflex the value of the selected range, as it shown in Fig. 2. Which shows a possibility of the Total generated addresses produced according to the number of digits in the present numbering system in comparison with other systems, which they are arranged from right to left as follows: 1. Decimal numbering system method 2. Mixed numbering system method 3. IPv4 numbering system method 4. 2D Alphabetical- Alphabetical numbering system method Fig. 2: Possibilities of the Total Generated Addresses (TGA) produced according to the number of digits. It is be seen obviously, that the upper curve (2D Alphabetical), which expresses of possibilities of producing the Total Generated Addresses using 2D Matrix components P(x) and P(y) for the Latin Alphabets range, will have the highest values in comparison with the other used ranges (Mixed), (IPv4) and (decimal) curves, [9]. III. THE NEW SUGGESTED HIERARCHY LEVELS In [1] and [10], The Hierarchy Levels Suggestion can be divided into two main sets as follow: A. Call Type The First set can be divided into six subsets as follows: 1. Local Call 2. Mobile Call 3. National Call 4. International Call 5. Service Call 6. Emergency Call B. Subscriber Address The second set can be divided into five subsets as follows: 1. State: can be represented by ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 Codes 2. City: can be represented also by Alpha-2 Codes 3. Exchange: can be represented by Alpha-2 Codes 4. Zone/ Cable: can be represented by Alpha-2 Codes 5. Subscriber: can be represented by Alpha-2 Codes Types of Two Dimensions Alphabetical-Alphabetical Matrix (2DAAM) calls In [1], Five types of calls using the 2DAAM are defined when the number of selection digits are equals to Subscriber Address mentioned above? (n=5): 1. Emergency Service Calls This category of calls includes all kinds of free services Emergency Service ? Numbers are identified by an ‘address’ reflex the two initial characters of the services name following the type of call Emergency sign or the service identifier ‘1’. This number or address is one digit in length. Example: 1 {services name} Example1 (fire): 1 FI Example2 (police): 1 PO The size of the numbers block allocated will generate (676) addresses for services. The service identifier ‘1’ combined with the short remainder of the number is intended to provide numbers that are easily remembered. 2. Very Local Calls This category of calls includes all calls between two subscribers belong to the same exchange. Very Local Calls? Numbers are identified by an ‘address’ reflex the two initial characters of the zones name and subscribers name, respectively following the type of very local call sign or the service identifier ‘2’. This number or address is two digits in length. Example: 2 {zones name} {subscribers name} Example: 2 ZH OM The block numbers allocated size will generate (456,976) addresses for each exchange. 3. Local Calls This category of calls includes all calls between two subscribers belong to a different exchanges in the same city or region has the same Local Area Code (LAC). Local Calls? Numbers are identified by an ‘address’ reflex the two initial characters of the exchanges name, zones name and subscribers name respectively? following the type of local call sign or the service identifier ‘3’. This number or address is three digits in length. Example: 3 {exchanges name} {zones name} {subscribers name} Example: 3 SA ZH OM The block numbers allocated size will generate (308,915,776) addresses for each city or region. 4. National Calls This category of calls includes all calls between two subscribers belong to a different exchanges in a different cities or regions has the same Country Code (CC). National Calls? Numbers are identified by an ‘address’ reflex the two initial characters of the citys name, exchanges name, zones name and subscribers name following the type of national call sign or the service identifier ‘4’. This number or address is four digits in length. Example: 4 {citys name} {exchanges name} {zones name} {subscribers name} Example: 4 AL SA ZH OM The block numbers allocated size will generate (208,827,064,576) addresses for each country. 5. International Calls This category of calls includes all calls between two subscribers belong to a different exchanges in a different country has a different Country Code (CC). International Calls? Numbers are identified by an ‘address’ reflex the two initial characters of the countrys name according to ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 Codes Countries Names table, citys name, exchanges name, zones name and subscribers name respectively following the type of international call sign or the service identifier ‘5’. This number or address is five digits in length. Example: 5 {countrys name} {citys name} {exchanges name} {zones name} {subscribers name} Example: 5 SY AL SA ZH OM The block numbers allocated size will generate (141,167,095,653,376) addresses for the world, or lets say (41,765,412,915,200) addresses for (200) countries around the world, [7]. Geographic Information System (GIS) It can be also noticed that each address such as (SY AL SA ZH OM) carries Geographic Information System (GIS) meanings; the former address can be read as follows: The subscriber Omar Meslmani (OM) is a Subscriber belongs to ZHra Zone (ZH) which belongs to Sabil Exchange (SA) in Aleppo City (AL) in Syria State (SY), as it shown in Fig. 3. [1-10]. Fig. 3: The suggested display of the new keypad. This range of addresses has the ability to define (6,425) address to every living person, whereas IPv4 supports 4.3Ãâ€"10*9 (4.3 billion) addresses, roughly 6.5 billion people population today, which is inadequate for giving even one ?address (0.66) to every living person, [11]. IV. REPRESENTATION THE SUBSCRIBER ADDRESS LEVELS We can present each level of the five subscriber address levels which consists of Alpha-2 Codes as mentioned above by only one digit product from cross point of the horizontal component on (x) axis with the vertical component on (y) axis depending on ?2D Matrix concept by special program means. A. Local Call representation Let us suppose that the calling party (A) wishes to execute a Local Call with a called party (B) which has the following address (SA ZH OM). Then the Local Call can be represented by three digits as it shown in Fig. 4. Fig 4: Local call representation. 1st Pair: SA (Cross Point of Horizontal Component S with Vertical Component A) 2nd Pair: ZH (Cross Point of Horizontal Component Z with Vertical Component H) 3rd Pair: OM (Cross Point of Horizontal Component O with Vertical Component M) Every pair can be represented by one digit according to the expanded Unicode coding method as it shown in Fig. 5. [1]. Fig. 5: Representation of the alphabetical pair. B. Mobile Call representation Let us suppose that the calling party (A) wishes to execute a Mobile Call with a called party (B) which has the following address (MT SA ZH OM). Then the Mobile Call can be represented by four digits as it shown in Fig. 6. [1]. Fig. 6: Mobile call representation. C. National Call representation Suppose that the calling party (A) wishes to execute a National? Call with another called party (B) which has the following address (DA DM TJ YM). This address will define the subscriber Yousef Meslmani (YM) which is a Subscriber belongs to Tenth Jazeera Zone (TJ) which belongs to Dummar Exchange (DM) from Damascus City (DA) in Syria State (SY). In this case the National Call can be represented by four digits as it shown in Fig. 7. [1] Fig. 7: National call representation. D. International Call representation Let us consider that the calling party (A) wishes to execute an International? Call with another called party (B) which has the following address (SY AL SA ZH OM). Then the International Call can be represented by five digits as it shown in Fig. 8. [1] Fig. 8: International call representation. E. Service Call representation The new mechanism of numbering should be having the ability to support all type of services calls. Let us suppose that the calling party (A) wishes to execute a Service? Call (Follow Me Immediately) with another (B) party which has the following address (JA MR HM). Then the Service Call can be represented by five digits as it shown in Fig. 9. [1,3-5] Fig. 9: Service call (Follow Me Immediately) representation. Let us suppose that the calling party (A) wishes to execute a Service? Call (Alarm Call) at seven clock (HH: 07) and thirty minute (MM: 30) for duration nine and ninety days (DD: 99). Then the Service Call can be represented by five digits as it shown in Fig. 10. [1,3-5] Fig. 10: Service call (Alarm Call) representation. F. Emergency Call representation Suppose that the calling party (A) wishes to execute an Emergency Call with a called party B (Fire) which has the following address (FI). Then the Emergency Call can be represented by one digit as it shown in Fig. 11. [1,3-5] Fig. 11: Emergency call representation. Extension of the Unicode Coding Method We suggest to modify the current database of an Unicode coding method? in order to have the ability to identify the additional (676) new characters or symbols of pair AA, AB, †¦, MA, MB, †¦, ZA, ZB, †¦, ZZ, which resulting from the proposed Mathematical Model for the total sums of Total Generated Addresses (TGA) possibilities for 2D Alphabetical- Alphabetical Matrix (2DAAM) range for (n=1). [9] Therefore, each pair can be represent by one symbol, then assign each one with the new hexadecimal suggested code of the extended Unicode Coding,? for instance RS= 20A8, whereas it represents in the current main version separately as follows R= 0052 and S= 0053 enable us to merge two symbols in one to save more Bytes!. V. SOME EXAMPLES AND DISCUSSION Suggested Dialing of the Telephone Addresses A. Type of Call Selection The type of call can be determined by means of several ways in the suggested new keypad. For instance, we can create our own default call type to execute the desired selection by means of check mark method as it shown in Fig. 12. [1] Fig. 12: Setup default call type. B. Dialing Called Number The Dialing Called Number can be execute by another methods differ from the traditional method by means of new keypad which has been developed especially for the new mechanism of numbering according to the following flow chart illustrated in Fig. 13 [7, 8]. The Cursor Position? can be already determined by means of the new keypad type of call selection to reserve number of digits suits to the desired call and compares the value with the initial values of the parameters. Then apply two logical loops, the first one (Loop1) determines the segments of each digit, while, the second one (Loop2) determines the number of digits. [1] ? Fig. 13: Illustrates the flow chart for 2D Alphabetical- Alphabetical Matrix (2DAAM) numbering. 1. National Call Dialing Figure 14 illustrates stages of data reception of dialing the International Call, where the Parameter Initial Values will be as follows:? ? Type of Call = International {Intern} Cursor Position {P=5} Number of Digits {D=5} Fig. 14: International call dialing mechanism. The total length of address for the International Call dialing will be (5) digits long. The receiving data for the first digit (SY) will be received in the position no. (5), the second digit (AL) will be received in the position no. (4), the third digit (SA) will be received in the position no. (3), the forth digit (ZH) will be received in the position no. (2), and finally the fifth digit (OM) will be received in the position no. (1). 2. National Call Dialing Figure 15 illustrates stages of data reception of dialing the National Call, where the Parameter Initial Values will be as follows:? ? Type of Call = National {Nation} Cursor Position {P=4} Number of Digits {D=4} Fig. 15: National call dialing mechanism. The total length of address for the National Call dialing will be (4) digits long. The receiving data for the first digit (AL) will be received in the position no. (4), the second digit (SA) will be received in the position no. (3), the third digit (ZH) will be received in the position no. (2) and the forth digit (OM) will be received in the position no. (1). 3. Local Call Dialing Figure 16 illustrates stages of data reception of dialing the Local Call, where the Parameter Initial Values will be as follows:? ? Type of Call = Local {Local} Cursor Position {P=3} Number of Digits {D=3} Fig. 16: Local call dialing mechanism. The total length of address for the Local Call dialing will be (3) digits long. The receiving data for the first digit (SA) will be received in the position no. (3), the second digit (ZH) will be received in the position no. (2) and the third digit (OM) will be received in the position no. (1). 4. Emergency Call Dialing Figure 17 illustrates stages of data reception of dialing the Emergency ? Call, where the Parameter Initial Values will be as follows:? ? Type of Call = Emergency {Emerg} Cursor Position {P=1} Number of Digits {D=1} Fig. 17: Emergency call dialing mechanism. In this case, the total length of address for the Emergency Call dialing will be as short as (1) digit long and suits this kind of calls which require higher speed in dialing. The receiving data for the first digit (FI) will be received directly in the position no. (1). [1-10]. VI. CONCLUSION By applying this method of numbering, we can obtain several practice benefits such as: 1. Identification a Constant Length of the Telephone Address The identification of constant length of the telephone address will be formatted using the new suggested design of keypad which contains ready blocks for data reception according to 5 levels which represent the basic components of any subscriber. [1] The important result of this representation will be create a standard length of the telephone address can be used around the world and offer at the same time more addresses for far future without any changing. 2. Uniform Identification Format of the Equipment Number (EQN) As a result, the Equipment Number (EQN) of any subscriber [3-5], will identify with the telephone number or address itself. 3. Re-building New Hierarchy of the Telephone Exchange The proposed structure of next generation of the telephone exchanges focuses on cancellation some current exchange elements structure such as Shelf name and using uniform design of other element such as Blocks and Cables. [10] The following Table illustrates that the address of local call will reflex partially the basic elements parameters of exchange hierarchy Exchange room, Main Distribution Frame (MDF) and Network for the current hierarchies of exchanges which represent it the current hierarchy of Siemens (EWSD) system for instance comparing with the suggested hierarchy of the new (HASAN) system as it shown in Fig. 18. Fig. 18: Illustrate the current proposed parameters in the basic elements of exchanges (Exchange Room, MDF Room and Network). This Table shows the identification of all parameters of the various elements of communication system (Exchange, MDF and Network) according the suggested hierarchy from one side, and identifying this parameters partially with the telephone address according the suggested numbering plan from other side. Also the Table indicates to the unnecessary parameters which refer to by (X) sign and can be omitted in the new Hierarchy. [1,3-5] It believed, the time to create a standardized Worldwide Numbering Plans (WNP) instead of the traditional National Numbering Plans (NNP) has come which differ from one country to another by means of creating a certain keypad depending on investing of the Two Dimensions Alphabetical-Alphabetical Numbering (2DAAN)? and support a number of applications like cut, copy, pasting or predict text, or at least and as a first step, trying of investing the advanced present new generations of telephone keypads and its applications such as: BlackBerry which developed by the Canadian company Research In Motion (RIM), which has a built-in QWERTY keyboard. [12] IPhone which is an internet-connected multimedia smart phone designed and marketed ?by Apple Inc. Since its minimal hardware interface lacks a physical keyboard, the ?multi-touch screen renders a virtual keyboard when necessary. [13] For text input, we can also implement a virtual keyboard on the touch screen which has ?automatic spell checking and correction, predictive address capabilities for the 5 elements of suggested Hierarchy: State, City, Exchange, Zone and Subscriber. The keyboard can predict what word the user is ?typing and complete it, and correct for the accidental pressing of keys adjacent to the ?presumed desired key. [14,15] Furthermore, we can also use the next generation of this technique (WNP) in the future, which will be the Three Dimensions Alphabetical-Alphabetical- Alphabetical Numbering (3DAAN) in the same manner mentioned above which can supports more and more addresses maybe for requirements of very far future or even forever. REFERENCES [1] M. S. H. Ali, M. N. Salaho and H. O. Meslmani, â€Å"Development a New Numbering Plan of Telephone Communication Systems,† Aleppo University Magazine publications, Engineering Science Series, vol. 63, Aleppo, Syria, 2008. [2] â€Å"ITU-T Recommendation E.164,† Assigned country codes, Geneva, Swiss, 2005. [3] â€Å"Digital electronic switching system EWSD,† Siemens training center for communication networks, Munich, Germany, 2000. [4] â€Å"Operating system documents of local exchange EWSD,† for Syrian Telecommunication Establishment (STE) project, Siemens company, Munich, Germany, Sept. 2001. [5] â€Å"Operating system documents of Ericsson exchange,† for Syrian Telecommunication Establishment (STE) project, Ericsson company, Stockholm, Sweden, Feb. 2003. [6] â€Å"Syrian Estimation Group Results,† Geography and population, Damascus, Syria, 2007. [7] â€Å"Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) ,† European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), Paris, France, 1997. [8] L. W. Couh, â€Å"Digital and Analog Communications System,† Macmillan publishing company, 2nd Ed., New York, USA, 1997. [9] L. HUGHES, â€Å"Data Communications,† Mc Graw-Hill, 2nd Ed., New York, USA, 1998. [10] M. S. H. Ali, M. N. Salaho and H. O. Meslmani, â€Å"Development a New Hierarchy of Exchanges,† Aleppo University, Magazine publications, Engineering Science Series, vol. 64, Aleppo, Syria, 2008. [11] â€Å"The World Fact Book,† Geography and population rank order publications, New York, USA, July 2007. [12] Research In Motion Reports Fourth Quarter And Year-End Results For Fiscal 2006. blackberry.com/ [13] Apple Inc. (2008-06-09). Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G. Press release. ?apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09iphone.html. Retrieved on 2008-06-09. [14] ?The most advanced mobile OS. Now even more advanced.. Scott Forstalls ?presentation. Apple. 2009-03-17. ? [15] Cohen, Peter, Cut and paste, MMS highlight iPhone 3.0 ?improvements. Macworld. 2009-03-17 ?macworld.com/article/139438/2009/03/iphone30user.html. ?Retrieved on 2009-04-01. ? Hasan Omar Meslmani was born in Aleppo, Syria, on June 4, 1964. He received B.Sc. (with honors) degrees in electrical and electronic engineering in 1988 and M.Sc. degrees in communication engineering in 2004, from Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria. He joined the Syrian Telecommunication Establishment (STE), Aleppo Directorate in 1988, as a technician engineer, from 1988 to 1990, he was operating and maintaining engineer at Jamilieh Exchange (NEC System NEAX61), from 1991 to 1992, he was an installation Department Head at Jamilieh Exchange, from 1992 to 1993, he was a supervisor engineer at Ensari Exchange, from 1993 to 1994, he was a supervisor engineer at Sabil Exchange, from 1994 to 2007, he was a Head Exchange of Sabil Exchange, from 1998 to 2007, he was a Supervisor for Automatic Billing System for Sabil Exchange in Aleppo, Successfully completed training course at Siemens Training Center for Communication Networks in Munich, Germany (Siemens System EWSD) in1992, he has been a member of the Telecommunication Development Committee in Syria for 21st century, in Syrian Telecommunication Establishment (STE) in1996, Successfully completed training course at STE Training Center for Radio Communications at High Institute for Application Technology Science in Damascus, Syria in1998, After that, a successfully completed training course at Ericsson Training Center for Communication Networks in Dublin, Ireland (Ericsson System AXE 10) in 2000. He enrolled as Ph.D. student in electronic engineering in Communication Department, Aleppo University in 2006. Research Papers on Two-Dimensions Alphabetical-Alphabetical Matrix (2DAAM) NumberingPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part OneRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

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Burgess and Akers (1969) criticised Sutherlands theory due to its lack of attention on individualism and failure to take into account of personality traits. Using Skinners principles of operant conditioning, they further developed Sutherlands differential association theory to address these issues. They called their revision, the differential association-reinforcement theory. Burgess and Akers(1969) argue that criminal behaviour can be explained as a function of the reinforcement or punishment a person receives from the environment. In other words, behaviour that produces a reward will tend to be performed more frequently in the future, while behaviour that is followed by punishment will tend to decrease in frequency. Differential reinforcement occurs when under certain environmental conditions, one behaviour leads to greater or more frequent rewards than does another alternative behaviour. 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In a different research review, Landenberger and Lipsey(2005) showed that progra ms based on cognitive behavioural techniques are effective with juvenile and adult criminal offenders in various criminal justice settings, including prison, residential, and parole. They found that it was even effective with high-risk behaviour such as rape. Conclusion With the current focus on punishing criminals through longer prison terms and harsher fines, rehabilitation must not be neglected as the vast amount of research literature indicates that behaviour can be changed. The financial gains from turning a criminal into a law-abiding, productive citizen far outweigh the temporary savings from abolishing rehabilitation programs. Equally important is that we continue to provide more resources to rehabilitation programs in order to better understand, and change something that is constantly evolving human behaviour. Kelvin Mui

Guns, Germs, and Steel :: History, European Dominance

All through history, there is a ubiquitous theme. In life’s perpetual cycle, the Europeans always manage to overshadow the other civilizations. Why is it that the Europeans dominated the other races? Throughout Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond desperately attempts to answer Yali’s question asking â€Å"Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own† (Diamond, p. 14)? In the Epilogue, Diamond summarizes his answer to Yali’s question essentially attributing the environment for the success of the Europeans and discredits racial superiority of any sort (Diamond, p.405). Although other factors contributed to the rise of the European civilization, the environment was the main factor. Some specific factors falling under environment that affected the European civilization are geography, food production, and diffusion and population. The geography of Europe contributed to its dominance over the other civilizations. The Chinese appeared to have it all. They had a rise of food production, the largest human population in the world, and developed writing and most of all they were unified country (Diamond, p.411). The European coastline was highly indented with five large peninsulas which all evolved independent languages, ethnic groups, and government. China has a much smoother coastline with land that is less scattered compared to Europe (Diamond, p.414). â€Å"Europe’s geographic balkanization† and discord among the states developed hundreds of competing, and ambitious states (Diamond, p.416). States were kept on their toes to try to out due what another state had previously accomplished because they knew â€Å"if one state did not pursue some particular innovation, another did, forcing neighboring states to do likewise or else be conquered or left economically behind† (Diamond, p.416). Chinaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s unification based on geography led to their demise. Their government isolated them from the outside world and rejected all imports including technologies leaving them dramatically underdeveloped in a world of technologies (Diamond, p.416). Food production also affected Europe’s dominance over the other civilizations. As stated in chapter 18, â€Å"the former absence of food production in [the Americas] was due entirely to their local paucity of domesticable wild animals and plants, and to geographic and ecological barriers that prevented the crops and the few domestic animal species of other parts of the Americas from arriving (Diamond, p.356). Domestication of animals varied among the continents because of differences in continental areas and the Late Pleistocene extinctions.

Males and females

Much research studies had focused on the behavior of male delinquency. However, there has been a steady rise of juvenile female offenders as well as on the criminal justice system. Media has sensationalized the account of female violence. The rise in number of arrests however, can also be attributed to changes in policies in police practices, rather than a drastic change in women’s behavior. Most of these arrests were assault-related. While former juvenile offenses were once labeled as non-criminal offenses such as a girl being hit by a mother shoves her in self-defense and runs away from home. Whereas such an offense would be labeled before as â€Å"runaway† offense, today this might cause her to be charged of assault, which is a criminal offense. However, in criminal offenses such as robbery, female youths had been seen as becoming more involved in what used to be a predominantly male offense. Youth status, especially among urban girls is a causal factor for most of such crime. Pop culture among adolescents places great importance on high-end branded clothes, latest electronic gadgets, ‘looks’ that try to imitate Hollywood celebrities and fashion models, which had placed greater pressure on growing adolescents for peer acceptance. Youth pop culture has greatly caused an obvious division among differences in economic status, and the desire to â€Å"keep up the Joneses’† breeds the environment for some youths to victimize their own peers in order to buy the â€Å"desirable† goods which they would not have been able to afford otherwise. Other studies had also attributed thrill and excitement as robbery-causing factors among youths who were inclined to ‘show-off’. Although there are less occurrences of female robberies than among males, both has expressed the same motivation for committing the crime, and that is to acquire more money in order to have goods that bestow high status among peers. Female youth offenders were less likely to use weapons compared to males, and is much more characterized by harassing and hijacking youths of lesser age for petty amounts of cash and in some cases, jewelry. It has also been found that there is also a high correlation between poor relationships with mother-daughter which causes an increase among female adolescents to seek peer reputation which in turn becomes a contributing factor for female delinquency (Kerperlman & Smith-Adcock. â€Å"Female Adolescents’ Delinquent Activity†) A comparative study between male and female offenses however has shown that there is a significant difference between their criminal activities. Young men were more likely to resort to use weapons (guns) than girls. Knives were more of girls’ choice of weapon if they do resort to using one. Female offenders were more likely to commit murder because of conflict rather than during the act of other crime such as robbery. Assaults done by girls are more frequently done against one’s own family members. Males are more often arrested for more serious crimes such as rape, homicide, or burglary than young females. While there is a growing belief that female behavior has greatly changed among offenders today, suggesting that girls are taking over more masculine-related crimes, the offenses of male and female youth delinquency had both risen; therefore change of behavior cannot solely be blamed on changes of female youth behavior but changes on the over-all young population in ge neral. There is also no evidence that female offenders gained an increase of status among male peers since such offenses were done mostly among female younger victims (J. Weiler. â€Å"Girls and Violence†). Reference: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kerpelman, J & Smith-Adcock S.   â€Å"Female Adolescents’ Delinquent Activity†. Vol. 37, No. 2, 176-200. 2005 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chesney-Lind M, Paramore V. â€Å"Are Girls Getting More Violent?: Exploring Juvenile Robbery Trends†. 1998 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cited by Weiler, J. â€Å"Girls and Violence†. ERIC Digest, No. 143. http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-4/girls.htm         

Free Essays on The Role Of Socialization In Crime

The social learning theory proposes that crime is learned through the ongoing process of socialization, and is especially important during young childhood. Different important social units that influence a child’s behavior are their family, school, peers, and community. There are some important predictors of crime that can be discussed from a social-learning perspective, including gender, and delinquency. The four major concepts of the social learning theory are: differential association, differential reinforcement/punishment, definitions, and imitation (Skinner, & Fream 1997). Differential association refers how people exposed to different social environments have the opportunity to observe, and learn different behavior (Skinner, & Fream 1997). Children who are exposed to a behavior are given the opportunity to observe, and imitate a behavior and are therefore more likely to adopt that behavior than children who are not exposed to it. Children who are not exposed to certain behaviors will not be able to imitate them. Therefore a person who has been exposed to an environment that incorporates crime is more likely to commit a crime in their lifetime than a person that has not been exposed to an atmosphere that includes crime. Imitation is important when a behavior is first observed because one way to learn, and incorporate a behavior is to practice it in reality or in fantasy (Skinner, & Fream 1997). Children are likely to imitate a range of behaviors that they observe to test them out. The behavior can be learned through modelling, internalizing, and conforming to behavior that is deemed favourable. A child that observes criminal behavior may practice it in fantasy, or imitate it in reality. This rehearsal causes the behavior to be stored in the memory of the child and therefore becomes retrievable in the right circumstances. Behavior is considered favourable if it produces a desirable reaction, or a favourable consequence. Those... Free Essays on The Role Of Socialization In Crime Free Essays on The Role Of Socialization In Crime The social learning theory proposes that crime is learned through the ongoing process of socialization, and is especially important during young childhood. Different important social units that influence a child’s behavior are their family, school, peers, and community. There are some important predictors of crime that can be discussed from a social-learning perspective, including gender, and delinquency. The four major concepts of the social learning theory are: differential association, differential reinforcement/punishment, definitions, and imitation (Skinner, & Fream 1997). Differential association refers how people exposed to different social environments have the opportunity to observe, and learn different behavior (Skinner, & Fream 1997). Children who are exposed to a behavior are given the opportunity to observe, and imitate a behavior and are therefore more likely to adopt that behavior than children who are not exposed to it. Children who are not exposed to certain behaviors will not be able to imitate them. Therefore a person who has been exposed to an environment that incorporates crime is more likely to commit a crime in their lifetime than a person that has not been exposed to an atmosphere that includes crime. Imitation is important when a behavior is first observed because one way to learn, and incorporate a behavior is to practice it in reality or in fantasy (Skinner, & Fream 1997). Children are likely to imitate a range of behaviors that they observe to test them out. The behavior can be learned through modelling, internalizing, and conforming to behavior that is deemed favourable. A child that observes criminal behavior may practice it in fantasy, or imitate it in reality. This rehearsal causes the behavior to be stored in the memory of the child and therefore becomes retrievable in the right circumstances. Behavior is considered favourable if it produces a desirable reaction, or a favourable consequence. Those...

Argumentative Essay Sample on Euthanasia My Personal Opinion

Argumentative Essay Sample on Euthanasia My Personal Opinion Euthanasia is a serious political, moral and ethical issue in today’s society. Most people either strictly forbid it or firmly favor euthanasia. Although, I have no political background or confirmed religion, I choose to formally educate myself on the matter of euthanasia. I feel very strongly about this issue because I am affected by the matter on an almost everyday basis. I am a patient care technician in an emergency room and also work on a cardiac unit in one of Michigan’s top 100 osteopathic hospitals. I’ve actually watched people in pain eventually die. I’ve had to listen to patients beg me to, â€Å"pull plugs,† and put pillows over their faces to smother them so they could die faster. Terminally ill patients have a fatal disease from which they will never recover. Euthanasia is when a terminally ill patient chooses to end his/her own life by participating in physician-assisted suicide. After reading the ten sources and extensively researchin g euthanasia, I still support and promote the legalization of euthanasia. I believe that all people deserve the right to die with dignity. First of all, I would like to offer my own personal feelings and opinions on the matter of euthanasia because I actually have frequent contact with people who suffer with terminal illnesses. When I was a junior in high school I was offered the opportunity to explore my career options by pursuing advanced learning in the medical field. I attended regular high school for one half of the day, the other half of my day was spent in a nursing home (extended care facility), Port Huron Hospital and also at St. Clair Technology Center. I spent many hours studying medical terminology and proper body mechanics, I also learned how to take care of sick patients while promoting healthy life styles changes. Unfortunately the hardest lesson which was the how to take care of the terminally ill, while being supportive to their many physical, spiritual and emotional needs. I graduated from high school and proceeded to go to college in order to accomplish my goal of becoming a registered nurse. After gr aduation I moved into my own apartment and took a job at St. John’s Medical Center on an oncology/hospice unit. I worked at St. John’s for 18 months. Hospice is where terminally ill patients are sent to be cared for during the last stages of their lives. Oncology is the study of tumors, but more specifically, it’s a term usually associated with some kind of cancer. Therefore, for about a year and a half I had to take care of dying patients. These people had a slim chance of surviving for over six months to a year. When my patients were suffering and in pain I had to smile and tell them, â€Å"Don’t worry everything will be all right.† We both knew that everything would no be all right and they had just wanted to die. I witnessed patients telling other members of the nursing staff how they had begged and pleaded with god to take their life due to the excruciating pain they were experiencing. The nurse just replied, â€Å"Oh sweetie, you shouldn’t say things like that.† I had patients who were so mean and cruel to staff, it was unreal. They were mad at l ife because they knew it would be taken away soon. I’ve watched patients who were fully coherent and self-sufficient upon admittance in to the hospital become totally confused and bed bound. I watched these people lose all motor skills, which left them crippled and unable to feed or bathe themselves, or even use the toilet. They had lost all of their dignity. After reading Peter Singer and Mark Sielger’s, â€Å"Euthanasia-A Critique,† it is fair to say that these doctors have put forth a strong argument against euthanasia. Singer and Siegler are both medical doctors who are very proficient in their fields. Singer and Siegler make the point that, â€Å"the relief of pain and suffering is a crucial goal of medicine,† however, â€Å"euthanasia violates the fundamental norms and standards of traditional medicine† (Seyler 333 335). When a person no longer has the choice of continuing a normal healthy life, unusual circumstances call for rare methods of treatment. Why should a person be tortured with the, â€Å"frightening prospect of dying shackled to a modern-day Procrustean bed, surrounded by the latest forms of high technology,† according to Singer and Siegler this is an adamant fear of many fatally ill patients (Seyler 333). Singer and Siegler make several good points in their essay, however, pain control seems to be the biggest issue facing the terminally ill as stated by the doctors. This is entirely untrue. People who are faced with a terminal illness experience just as much emotional turmoil as physical pain. When Singer and Siegler say, â€Å"physical pain can be relieved with the appropriate use of analgesic agents,† I am saddened because it has been my own personal experience to watch terminally ill patients become over medicated and drugged up so much that they are unable to think or act for themselves (Seyler 333). When a person can longer speak, think or act for him or herself, that person has been stripped of their dignity. Sidney Hook’s, â€Å"In Defense of Voluntary Euthanasia,† was emotionally charged and very gripping. Sidney Hook is a philosopher, educator and author (Seyler 338). Hook has been so unfortunate as to have sampled death and was left with a bitter taste in his mouth. He suffers with congestive heart failure, which one can live with but which if not treated or maintained properly will cause a painful death. He offers his first hand account of meeting with the Grim Reaper: I lay at the point of death. A congestive heart failure was treated for diagnostic purposes by an angiogram that triggered a stroke. Violent and painful hiccups, uninterrupted for several days and nights, prevented the ingestion of food. My left side and one of my vocal chords became paralyzed. Some form of pleurisy set in, and I felt like I was drowning in a sea of slime. (338) If this sharp use of imagery isn’t enough to make the reader understand this mans pain, maybe his next account will persuade one to rethink euthanasia, â€Å"At one point, my heart stopped beating; just as I lost consciousness, it was thumped back into action again. In one of my lucid intervals during those days of agony, I asked my physician to discontinue all life-supporting services or show me how to do it. He refused and predicted that someday I would appreciate the unwisdom of my request† (Seyler 338). It is important to add Hook’s quotes when reflecting upon his personal experience with death. Hook feels as though he was robbed of the peaceful serenity of death and will have to suffer through it once more, when death comes knocking again. Euthanasia is a serious issue in today’s political world. Arguments for and against euthanasia are cause for major debate. Proponents and opponents disagree on at least four controversial issues. The four major issues are, but not limited to, the nature autonomy, the role of beneficence, the distinction between active and passive euthanasia and the public and social implications of legalization. The nature of autonomy basically means that all people are granted the right to think, feel and act for him or herself. The first and fourteenth amendments were put into place to protect an individual’s freedom of religion, speech, privileges, immunities, and equal protection. The role of beneficence involves the physician’s duty to relieve suffering. The distinction between passive and active euthanasia, or killing and allowing one to die. The public and social implications of legalization are totally based on one’s individual feelings. Euthanasia is a serious topic because it goes against the norms of traditional medicine. Euthanasia is not always applied to terminally patients either. People who have been in serious accidents, or who have debilitating diseases such as severe cases of Cerebral Palsy, Multiple Sclerosis, Muscular Dystrophy, and Cerebral Vascular Diseases (which lead to strokes and heart attacks) are often in consideration for the application of euthanasia. The problem is, however, these patients typically are in a persistent/permanent vegetative state. A persistent/permanent vegetative state (PVS), is a condition in which a person is neither in a coma nor unconscious. In other words, these patients cannot act or speak for themselves or in addition, respond to much stimulus. Personal experience and opinion may be a factor that weighs heavily on the issue of euthanasia, but the real substance comes from the facts. The legal ramifications play a major role in the legalization of euthanasia. Euthanasia began with its roots in both the Hippocratic tradition and the Judeo-Christian ethic of sanctity of life, Western medicine has long opposed the practice of physician-assisted suicide. However, the controversy over euthanasia is not new. Beginning in about 1870 (after the introduction of chloroform and ether) and continuing in today’s society, euthanasia is still a hot topic of discussion. Ohio is the only state in the United States of America that does not explicitly prohibit euthanasia by jurisdiction of the federal law. After interviewing Dr. Caleb Dimitrivich, an oncologist, who most directly works with terminally ill patients at St. Joseph’s Mercy Hospital, it is easy to see that he definitely opposes euthanasia. Doctors have real difficulty dealing with death. â€Å"Dying is something that I, as doctor, am trying to prevent. If a patient is terminally ill, I strive to make that patients life as comfortable as I possibly can,† says Dr. Dimitrivich. After reading, Matters of Life and Death,† by Professor Lewis Wolpert, one is reminded by the’ â€Å"doctors attitude† towards dying patients. Wolpert is a professor of biology and how teaches how biology is applied to medicine â€Å"Dying is something patients are not allowed to do. It is an affront to so go against the doctor’s efforts and advice, and this is completely understandable but cannot be the basis for not helping a patient die† (Wolpert 42). The religious community has taken a negative stance on the issue of euthanasia. The majority of Christian religions ban the application of euthanasia to the terminally ill or PVS patients. In the bible, one can read about the absolute sin of taking another human being’s life, it is iniquitously wrong. After interviewing Maryanne Chapman who is a practicing member of the Catholic faith and who has also worked as a secretary for 15 years at St. Valerie of Ravenna in Clinton Township, MI, her opposition to legalized euthanasia is very clear. â€Å"It is a crime against God to end a life,† states Chapman. However, Maryanne is 72 years old and suffers from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), also makes the comment, â€Å"people don’t live on machines, so therefore why should we die on them, God didn’t intend for that.† Basically what Mrs. Chapman is trying to say is that for patients suffering with a PVS, it is also a sin to try to sustain a li fe that has no purpose or function in society.

Marketplace Fairness Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketplace Fairness Act - Essay Example es is defined as goods or services sold into a state in which he is not allowed to pay, collect or remit state or local sales and use taxes unless provided in the act. In case the remote seller uses the CSP and there is an error he/she is forgiven if there is a debt however CSP is not liable if the inaccurate information is fed into it and also both the remote seller and the CSP are not liable if the error is as a result of software provided by state. However the remote seller is liable is does not use the CSP. The act has effect on the remote sellers in that the MFA must pass and become effective law, states that require collection of sales tax must be a member of Streamlined Sales and Use Sax agreement, publish a notice that it is participating in the act, the remote seller must have a minimum of $1 million dollars in remote sales in United State, that the State will provide tax certified software provider and that the remote seller may use the CSP to calculate sales tax collections and the remote seller should remit collected tax to the appropriate state (United States, 115). This bill was passed by Senate with 70% of the vote in the spring agitating that this could become the law of the land. This is on the basis that small businesses are economic backbone of the state and nation (United States, 108). They provide jobs, economic growth, aid support in the communities they serve the loss of customers to the internet stores who sell goods and services at cheaper prices has lead to loss of customers hence higher unemployment, slow growth in the economy, underfunded charities and state and government receiving less revenue while more and more people want assistance. As stated in the Digital Goods and Services Tax Fairness Act of 2011, the house of the Representative has not yet voted for the bill nor has it set date to vote it in. As much as this bill has not passed the House of Representatives it’s doubtful that Congress will not pass some form of legislation

Beats By Dre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Beats By Dre - Essay Example Due to the entry of new players into the market, the level of competition is believed to be on the rise, as manufacturers adopt more aggressive and market cantered marketing approaches to reach out to new customers (Breen, 2014). Beats by Dre is a headphone manufacturing line in the united states that has gained significant prominence due to the promotion and celebrity endorsements that it has acquired in the past. The company own the consumer can access significant patent for audio technologies and some of the music from online music stores. However, as a strategy to reach out to new customers and increase influence in the market, the company has collaborated with a number of companies including HTC and Chrysler (Doyle 2011). In 2014, Apple Inc. acquired the company through a cash and stock deal worth more than $3 billion, one of the largest company acquisitions ever witnessed in the headphone industry. In this report, beats by Dre will be discussed in light of its competitive market strategies and how it performed in the face of emerging small businesses. Porter five force analyses and Ansoff growth matrix will be used to evaluate the performance and prospects for the company (Johnston, 2012). The headphone industry has emerged as one of the most attractive sectors in 2014 due to the emerging interests from music producers, mobile phone companies among others. Though the industry is still emerging from low market recognition, the reputation it has gained in the market demonstrates its great potential and future prospects. A number of small companies have entered the market and they continue to rise above the stiff competition (Akoth, 2014). One such company is beats by Dre, a headphone company that was founded in 2006 by Dry Dre, an American musician. Through a well-coordinated market campaign and market sensitization programs, the company acquired dominance and respect in the industry. This attracted major