Tort of Negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Tort of Negligence - Essay Example Per say the concept of negligence doe not refer to an act. Actually it is a legal concept that tends to define the basic character of an act so as to prove it to be legally wrong. As per Blyth vs. Birmingham Waterworks Co. (1856), â€Å"Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do.† However, once the concept of negligence came within the scope of the English Tort Law, the next logical and plausible challenge was to decide as to what qualifies to be termed as ‘ordinary care† and what was to be the nature and basis of the measure required to decide as to whether an act committed by an individual, organization or a group amounted to negligence. In that context, one needs to mention the much famous concept of ‘the man on the Clapham Omnibus’. ... The ‘man on the Clapham Omnibus’ represented a hypothetical person who is in general reasonable and well educated without being qualified enough to be called a specialist (Twining 64). ‘The man on the Clapham Omnibus’ represented the standard of reasoning with which to gauge a defendant’s conduct in an English Law Civil Action for Negligence. The hallmark of this concept was that it delineated and put in place a standard for ascertaining and establishing the charges of negligence on a defendant. It established a general standard of care expected of any English citizen while performing varied aspects of one’s personal or professional life. The real beauty of this standard is that it tends to be reasonable yet simple in its approach and tends to bring the legal concept of negligence within the grasp and scope of the so called common man. The very fact that this standard of care does not expect perfection on the part of ascertainers obliterates an y possibility on the part of the defendants to wriggle out of the clutches of law by resorting to technical jargon and rigmarole. It is also immensely humane and pragmatic in the sense that it do recognizes the fact that an average person lacks the foresight to foresee any risk accruing by the dint of one’s actions. Still, it is astutely responsible and practical in the sense that it enjoins on the average person the duty to be ordinarily prudent and careful, without tending to be unexceptionally or unrealistically flawless. There is no denying the fact that even the most virtuoso experts in jurisprudence do tend to overlook and appreciate the sophistication and beauty inherent in the concept of ‘the man on the Clapham Omnibus’. However, the reality is that this legal idiom not only validated the concept

The last days of dogtown by Anita Diamant Essay Example for Free

The last days of dogtown by Anita Diamant Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The last days of dogtown is a novel written by Anita Diamant. The purpose of the novel is to express the level of morality of life in the American society during the 19th century. The author reveals life in the 19th century as sad but at the same time thoughtful. The last days of dogtown is a community set in an exotic landscape with a group of different and surprising characters. These characters are depicted as residents who are threatened or damaged by the ill wills of the outside world. Diamant portrays life in dogtown as cruel expressed through poverty and witchcraft. Residents in the last days of dogtown are oppressed by ignorance, poverty, illness and racial inequality. It is set in a dying town in Massachusetts during the 19th century. (Diamant Anita 52)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dogtown was a name associated with a roaming pack of wild dogs. The wild dogs roamed above the hills of a dying town in Massachusetts. The author portrays dogtown as a refuge place from cruelty and tragedies in the world. However, the decline of morality in dogtown presents other small tragedies which are set off by the residents. Dogtown which acts as a refuge from cruelty in the world presents a settlement space in which residents can live without being damaged or threaten. However dogtown does not fulfill its role since it is portrayed as an open prison where residents are faced by prejudice and other negative influences of the outside world. (Rossi, Mark, Howard 75). The roaming pace of dogs is used to illustrate the large number of people spreading rumor around the town about their townspeople. The spread rumours of presence of witches and whores in the town. Although the rumours are of factual their volume increases when more tongues wag around the town. Residents in this town have made it their business to express the most well hidden secrets of their town’s people. Diamant introduces the character in dogtown in a very confusing manner, creating complex relationships among them. These relationships are tested by the ill wills of the American society. The women in this society are presented as witches, whores or with weird behaviors. The man is depicted as brutal and cruel who shows no respect for the women. All the residents in dogtown have suffered different misfortunes from the brutal society. For example, the thwarted love of a free African woman by a local racist. Dog town’s poverty and misfortune pushes them into different destines. Slavery, alcoholism, poverty, sexuality, prostitution and racial tension have been used to create an immoral American society, in which residents are faced with brutal and cruel misfortunes. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The authors major conclusion is that she expresses the possibility of loving even in the most brutal and cruel conditions. In this town, residents behave like a pack of wild dogs, by huddling together with a dedication to survive and live with hope. By coming together, they search for warmth and safety. Although comfort and kindness are hard to find, these people huddle together and are to survive. The author shows the great immorality depicted in the American society during the 19th century expressed in form of alcoholism, poverty, prostitution, racism, sexuality and canine behavior. The author tries to show that people can come together and outcome even the cruelest conditions in the world. The possibility of creating love in such an environment can create harmony by demonstrating kindness and affection. (Diamant Anita 107). Works Cited Diamant Anita. The last days of Dogtown. Simon Schuster, 2006. Diamant Anita. The Red tent: A novel: Tenth-Anniversary Edition. Picador, 2007 Rossi, Peter H, Mark W. Lipsey, Howard E. Freeman. Evaluation: Systematic approach, sage, 2004.

Scheme of Remedies for Misrepresentation

Scheme of Remedies for Misrepresentation In pre-contractual negotiations, one party (the Representor) may make representations to another party (the Representee), which relate, by way of affirmation, denial, description or otherwise, to a statement of fact or present intention. If the representations made are untrue, they may be termed misrepresentations. The Representor may know that the statements are untrue; or they may be careless or reckless as to their truth. Alternatively, the Representor may hold an honest belief as to truth of the statements made. Generally there is no positive duty to act honestly in English Law a misrepresentation cannot be made by silence and even where one party proceeds, fully aware that the other is contracting on the basis of a misunderstanding of some fact, English law does not provide for a remedy. The exceptions are where the facts given are a half-truth, or where a statement is made, circumstances change and the maker of the statement fails to disclose this. Further exceptions are where a contract, such as one for insurance, is treated by the law as being of the utmost good faith and requiring the contracting party to disclose all relevant facts; or where the contract involves a fiduciary relationship such as between a company and its promoters. European Law, by contrast, imposes a positive duty to act in good faith and fair dealing, both during the course of negotiations and where a contract is concluded. It allows avoidance of the contract for fraudulent (deceitful) non-disclosure of information which, in accordance, with the principles of good faith and fair dealing, a party should have disclosed. The duty extends to situations where a contract is not even concluded: for example, where negotiations break down, or where one party is time wasting. This positive duty to act in good faith is common in other jurisdictions, including some common law systems. The scope of remedies for misrepresentation in English law depends on the type of misrepresentation that has occurred. Where the misrepresentation is fraudulent, the law sees the Representor as more blameworthy and the level of damages is not limited by, for example, remoteness, the duty to mitigate, and contributory negligence. The reasons for imposing wider liability on the intentional wrongdoer than on the innocent misrepresentor are certainly moral, but as Lord Steyn notes, the law and morality are inextricably interwoven and, to a large extent, the law is simply formulated and declared morality. It seems ironic, therefore, that there is no remedy whatsoever are where one party deliberately fails to disclose a material fact: an action that is intentionally dishonest, immoral and surely equally blameworthy. To be blameworthy means to be at fault or deserving of blame: from a moral standpoint, it implies conduct for which a party is guilty and deserves reproach or punishment. However, there is a logical consistency to, and a general policy of, not punishing intentional wrongdoers by civil remedies in English law: the primary remedy for civil wrongs is to provide compensatory damages, measured by the claimants loss; and the aim of providing a remedy, frequently cited, is to put the claimant into as good a position as if no wrong had occurred. However, the principles by which the remedies for fraudulent misrepresentation have developed do appear to go beyond this, having a punitive nature in their application. Fraudulent Misrepresentation Where the Representor makes a statement of fact (or a statement of intention, which involves a representation as to the existence of the intention which is itself a present fact) either knowingly, without belief in its truth, or recklessly, i.e., careless as to whether it is true or false, and this fact, being material, induces the other person to enter into the contract, this is a fraudulent misrepresentation. It does not matter that the Representee could have discovered the truth or spurned the opportunity to do so. The test as to whether fraudulent misrepresentation has taken place is whether there is an absence of honest belief; and honesty in this context refers to a subjective appreciation of events. The fact that the statement would not convince a reasonable person does not necessarily make it dishonest; however, where the statement is made recklessly or carelessly, the Court may make a finding of dishonesty, in that the person in question could not reasonably have believed in the truth of their statement. In all cases of fraudulent misrepresentation, however, dishonesty is a crucial factor damages cannot be claimed in deceit on the basis of recklessness alone since the basis of deceit is dishonesty. Where the misrepresentation is fraudulent, the Representee may rescind the contract a remedy available for nearly all types of misrepresentation and he may also recover any benefits that the Representor has enjoyed as a result of the contract being made, prior to the contract being rescinded. The Representee may also claim damages in the tort of deceit, and as noted, the damages are intended to restore the victim to the position he was in before the representation was made. The test for damages in fraud is one of direct consequence, rather than foreseeability, with damages being divided into two categories diminuation in value and consequential losses. Similar to damages for negligence, the House of Lords have confirmed that the Representor will be responsible for a sum representing the financial loss flowing directly from his alteration of position under the inducement of the fraudulent representations of the defendants. Unlike for negligence, however, the damages do not need to be foreseeable; as long as they have been caused by the transaction. This demonstrates that the Representors blameworthiness is important since the benefit of limiting liability to only foreseeable damages is not permitted to the dishonest person as it would be if the representation was made negligently: per Lord Denning in Doyle v Olby, it does not lie in the mouth of the fraudulent person to say that they could not have been reasonably foreseen. This decision was reaffirmed in Smith New Court. Further, the fact that the Representee had every opportunity to avoid the contract or transaction in question, or could have taken proceedings to rescind it, or asserted his rights to have it treated as void in proceedings brought to enforce it, does not bar his claim for damages. Once again, where dishonesty is involved, the law does not allow the misrepresentor any opportunity to reduce his liability, even where there is fault on the part of the Representee. Similarly, the contributory negligence of the Representee does not apply to reduce damages for the tort of deceit. Again, this feature has been applied because the tort involves dishonesty; regardless of the contributory negligence of the Representee, the Representor will have to pay for all damages because the law views him as blameworthy and cannot justify restricting his liability as a result of this. The Representee may also claim for consequential losses, although he is obliged to take all reasonable steps to mitigate those losses on discovery of the fraud. The type of damages that may be awarded to the Representee may include both special and general damages, as for A v B, where the claimant Representee was entitled to an award of  £7,500 in respect of general damages for distress even though his distressed state had not required medical attention. Although the potential heavier damages available to claimants may make a claim in fraudulent misrepresentation seem more attractive, it may be difficult to prove the Representors dishonesty and failure to succeed may result in an action for defamation; a claim under Section 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 (MA1967) is more likely to be pursued for these reasons since the remedies available are similar. Negligent Misrepresentation The misrepresentation may alternatively give rise to an action for damages in the tort of negligence, if the statement is made (a) knowingly, (b) without belief in its truth or (c) recklessly, careless whether it be true or false; and a special relationship exists between the parties. A finding of dishonesty is not necessary: provided that it can be established that there is reasonable foreseeability of reliance on the statement and of the harm caused by that reliance. As established in Hedley Byrne, the Representor has a duty of care to do all that is reasonable to make sure their statement is accurate, regardless of the existence of a fiduciary or contractual relationship; only a sufficient degree of proximity between the parties is necessary for an action to be sustained. Such proximity would arise in professional relationships, such as those made with barristers and estate agents, and also in purely commercial transactions where the Representor has superior knowledge and experien ce to that of the Representee and it is reasonable for the Representee to rely on statements made by them. In all cases, it must be just and reasonable for the duty of care to be imposed. The remedies available to the Representee are rescission of the contract and damages in the tort of negligence; and, unlike a claim for fraudulent misrepresentation, damages will be subject to a test of reasonable foreseeability. The Court may however take account of benefits that the claimant has missed out on as a result of the misrepresentation. Despite the difficulties in establishing negligence, it should be noted that actions for negligent misrepresentation have the advantage that they are not limited to misrepresentations that induce contracts; nor are they limited to statements of fact. A parallel can be drawn with principles of European law, which recognise liability for losses during the process of negotiation, even if a contract is not made. However, whereas for negligent misrepresentation in English law a duty of care must be established, in European law no such duty is required. Such losses in European law include those incurred as a result of failure to act in good faith and fair dealing; a positive duty imposed on the parties, which may include failure to disclose pertinent information. Section 2(1) Misrepresentation Act 1967 More commonly, an action for misrepresentation will be made under Section 2(1) of the MA1967 where the misrepresentation results in a contract. Unlike an action in negligence, which requires the Representee to prove that a duty of care existed, the burden of proof is reversed: the Act requires that the Representors prove they had reasonable grounds to believe, and did believe up the time the contract was made, that the facts represented were true, and unless they can do this, they will be liable. This can be difficult to prove: a mere honest belief is not enough. Remedies available to the Representee are similar to those available for fraudulent misrepresentation unless the Representor is able to discharge this burden of proof (and if the Representor can discharge the burden, the Representee may still plead innocent misrepresentation with its consequent remedies). Effectively then, per Royscot Trust Ltd, damages in respect of an honest but careless representation are to be calculated as if the representation had been made fraudulently: this has attracted much criticism as it means in effect that the Courts are required to treat a person who is morally innocent as if he was guilty of fraud. However, under Section 2(1) the loss recoverable does not go beyond the consequences that arise from the negligent misrepresentation: this is narrower than the recoverable loss permitted for fraudulent misrepresentation per Doyle v Olby. In addition, unlike damages for fraudulent misrepresentation, the Court may reduce the sum if there is evidence of contributory negligence on the part of the Representee. The damages under Section 2(1) will be based on direct consequence (as for the tort of fraud/deceit) rather than what was reasonably foreseeable (as for the tort of negligence). In Royscot Trust, the Court of Appeal held that the correct measure of damages was based on the tort of deceit and that the Plaintiff was entitled to recover all losses even if those losses were unforeseeable, provided they were not otherwise too remote. Therefore, the measure for damages for innocent misrepresentation under Section 2(1) is the same measure as for fraudulent misrepresentation. This has since been questioned, however, and in Smith New Court Securities, Lord Steyn asked whether it was correct to treat a person who was morally innocent as if he were guilty of fraud when it comes to the measure of damages. This measure seems incorrect: especially as, per Avon v Swire (where representations as to the future were presented as statements as to existing intention), the section may be used to produce damages on a scale commensurate with fraud where otherwise the contract would allow no damages in the event of breach and there would be no damages for negligent misrepresentation in tort. Innocent Misrepresentation Where the statement made is innocent, in that there is no provable fault, the remedy is rescission of the contract unless the Court awards damages at its discretion under Section 2(2) MA1967; alternatively it may award rescission with an indemnity; the aim of the Court in all cases being not to unjustly enrich the Claimant. The equitable remedies that the Court may award discretionarily may include the setting aside of a deed or other instrument and the restitution of property, with any pecuniary adjustment that might be necessary on either side by way of accounting for profits or allowance for depreciation. Although there is no indication as to the level of damages, it is considered that this should be lower than the damages awarded under Section 2(1), as implied by Section 2(3). The Court exercises its discretion in accordance with the principles of equity and so there may be no remedy offered if the facts as a whole make it inequitable to grant the relief, or if there is improper conduct or suggestion of a harsh bargain on the part of the Representee. Mispresentation and blameworthiness: considerations It has been noted that misrepresentations can be made intentionally, carelessly or recklessly, or innocently. In each case, there is a remedy for the Representee; but the value of that remedy varies based on several factors. We have seen that where fraudulent misrepresentation is proved (for which dishonesty is required), the level of damages awarded may be far greater than for other types of misrepresentation: the Representor must pay all financial losses flowing directly from the misrepresentation. There are few limits to this: the damages do not need to be foreseeable and matters of the Representees conduct, such as the fact that he had the ability to avoid the contract or to discover the dishonesty, does not bar his claim. Similarly, his contributory negligence is irrelevant to the calculation of damages. The only restriction is that Representee needs to take reasonable steps to mitigate his consequential losses. Following the recent case of A v B, we have also seen that general damages may be available for distress suffered, even though this is not medical. Under the MA1967, we have seen that a Representee can claim damages on a scale commensurate with fraud even where the representation was innocent, although these will be limited by any contributory negligence. It seems unjust that the Representees contributory negligence is ignored in fraudulent misrepresentation: this is fault per se on the part of the Representee and if the reason for allowing wider damages is blameworthiness, surely the blameworthiness of the Representee must also be a consideration. The European approach of considering all circumstances, including, but not limited to, whether the Representee could reasonably acquire the information, seems fairer. The flexibility of this approach, in contrast to the unlimited scope of damages in English Law permitted for fraudulent misrepresentation, may demonstrate a better approach to the calculation of damages. The European approach may be contrasted to awards made for innocent misrepresentations in English law, which follow equitable principles; in such cases the conduct of all parties is taken into consideration before reaching a decision. The fault of both parties is balanced in order to reach a decision that is fair to both, and such a system would make a more just compromise between the heavy benefits of a successful claim for fraudulent misrepresentation. It has also been noted that it is entirely illogical that the law should take such an iron-handed approach where the Representor makes a positive statement which he knows to be incorrect; but provide no remedy whatsoever when the same person dishonestly fails to disclose a material fact that he knows would have a material bearing on the contract. James notes that the EU is taking tentative steps towards the abolition of national contract laws of member states, and the replacement with a single European code. If this happens, we will see the introduction of a positive obligation to act in good faith, both in pre-contractual negotiations and in the formation of contracts. This obligation on contracting parties to be open with each other in negotiations is foreign to English law; it has previously been avoided because of principles of contractual freedom and economic efficiency. However, a model which requires honesty and diligence on the part of both parties, and provides for remedies to either party where there is a loss to be made good, with each partys conduct assessed for fairness, seems a far more balanced approach than the present system of remedies in English law for misrepresentation, and accords more with the principle of restitutio in integrum that is inherent throughout our contract law system.

Ozone :: essays research papers fc

Ozone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Triatomic oxygen, O3, is most commonly known as ozone. It has a resonance structure, and can be drawn in two different ways:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O=O-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O-O=O It is a bluish, explosive gas at room temperature, and has a boiling point of -119 °C. It has a melting point of -193 °C, and is a blue liquid. It's critical temperature and pressure are -12.1 °C and 53.8 atm, respectively. It has a pleasant odor in concentrations of less than 2 ppm, and is irritating and injurious in higher concentrations. The density of ozone gas is 2.144 g/L, and the density of ozone as a liquid is 1.614 g/mL. It is extremely unstable, and solutions containing ozone explode upon warming. It is found in varying proportions on Earth, but it is about 0.05 ppm at sea level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation in the upper atmosphere, and protects humans from skin cancer. But ozone is also the main ingredient of smog, and causes serious health effects and forest and crop damage in the lower atmosphere. Ozone is formed through the chemical reaction of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen dioxide, in the atmosphere, in the presence of sunlight. This reaction is called a photochemical reaction, because sunlight is required. The product is known as smog. The notorious brownish color of smog is due to nitrogen dioxide of the mixture. Increased temperature stimulate the reaction, which is why ozone conditions are worse in the summer. It is an oxidant, meaning it takes electrons away from other molecules, and disrupts key structures in cells by starting chain reactions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ozone is a serious national problem. Half of the largest urban areas in the United States exceed the ozone standards. The worst regions in the US include California and the Texas Gulf coast, and the northeast and the Chicago- Milwaukee area during the summer. The ozone condition varies from year to year, as the temperature and weather fluctuate. This fluctuation also occurs throughout the day, as emissions from morning traffic builds up, the levels rise. Ozone emissions come from many things, such as automobiles, gas stations, power plants, dry cleaners, paint shops, chemical manufacturing pants, oil refineries, and other business that release volatile organic compounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The health effects of ozone are chest pain, coughing, wheezing, lung and nasal congestion, labored breathing, sore throat, nausea, rapid breathing, and eye and nose irritation. The symptoms occur when the levels of ozone are only slightly higher than the legal standard. Living in San Diego during my elementary school year, I personally felt the effects of ozone; the tightness of the chest, wheezing, and labored breathing on certain hot, humid days.

Prevention of Terrorist Acts by Private Security Essay

Introduction The local public law enforcement agencies are aware and have recognized the fact that singly, they cannot cover the vast geographical area of their respective jurisdictions and enforce effective policing duties. They are limited in numbers, expertise and resources. For this reason, they have employed the services of the private sector specifically the members of the communities and forged with them agreements for assistance and collaboration in crime fighting and public disorder. In fact, the 1990s marked the emergence of a new mode of delivery of services in the public sector—law enforcement area. This mode of service delivery gave law enforcement an opportunity to employ resources and expertise which were not otherwise available to them before under the collaborative partnership and shared responsibilities with the private sector and communities (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). Even the government has recognized the importance of assistance from the private sector. Thus, this growing recognition was no longer limited locally but has spread across the states and the federal government. With financial support from the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs’ Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), the Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), National Sheriffs’ Association, and American Society for Industrial Security International joined efforts for the state and local to start a partnership with the private sector, specifically the private security organizations denominated as â€Å"Operation Cooperation† (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). This partnership however, was limited to crime fighting and public disorder. A growing success was noted in these partnerships and continued efforts are exerted to thresh out some identified problem areas. The September 11 terrorist attacks brought a new awareness and rekindled the imperative need for local law enforcement and private security organizations to work together to fill the gap for homeland security and in preventing terrorism (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). By reason of the success rate in the partnership between the private sector and the law enforcement in terms of peace and order, private sector was again requested to pitch in its efforts to help in combating terrorist attacks. After the summit in 2004, private security organizations were called upon to organize and develop as community counterparts in assisting law enforcement agencies. The U.S. Department of Justice holds the opinion that community policing has the same direct effect on counter terrorism strategies. â€Å"These include the use of crime mapping with GIS systems, data collection and analysis protocols, and technologies that may be used as platforms for gathering intelligence to assess terrorism vulnerability. In addition, the community partnerships formed by police in the course of community-oriented problem solving provide a ready framework for engaging citizens in helping police to identify possible threats and implement preparedness plans† (Docobo, 2005). Community policing affords the opportunity for law enforcement agents to have knowledge of activities in their respective territorial jurisdictions which can assist in counteracting terrorist activities. These crime prevention partnerships has proven effective through the years and for which reason, this has inspired a similar idea with respect to terrorism especially after the September 11 terrorist attack. Thus, public law enforcement-private security partnerships are now thought of as being replicated as to apply to homeland security and counter terrorism. For instance in New York, Area Police/Private Security Liaison was created to enhance mutual cooperation between law enforcement and private security primarily for exchange of information. This gives the New York Police Department a vast network and thus facilitating information reports on security updates and terrorists news bulletin (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). Terrorism in the United States is characterized by inflicting harm and damage to a great number of people all at once. For this reason it is crucial to forge partnerships and mutual collaboration with private security organizations to be able to cover that large territory. The country’s infrastructure is protected by private security organizations while the law enforcement agencies receive information regarding threats thus either one cannot protect alone (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). Infrastructure as defined by the 9/11 Commission as to include telecommunications and communication networks, buildings, energy facilities, etc. (9/11 Commission, 2004). Based on statistical estimates made by 9/11 Commission in its Final Report, at least 85% of the infrastructure is owned by the private sector and is protected by a number of private security agents which far exceed the number of law enforcement officers and agents (9/11 Commission, 2004). Private security organizations can perform civic duties in providing assistance in evacuation, food and transport in emergencies (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). There is also information sharing and close coordination with other private security practitioners and law enforcement agents which leads to exchange of information, access to others, exposure, training, and familiarity with the needs of each sector, i.e. private security and public law enforcement (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). There is a more creative manner of solving problems and a marked reduction in response time to disasters. There were many advisory committees both public and private institutions that embarked on studies to find out how to protect the U.S. homeland security. There was uniformity in their findings that there is lack of homeland security strategy, defects in â€Å"governmental organization and processes in dealing with threats to national security† (Parachini, Davis, Liston, 2003). After the September 11, President Bush created the Office of Homeland Security and also established the Homeland Security Council as an inter agency coordinating body. In 2002, the legislation H.R. 5005 or the Homeland Security Act of 2002 was approved by the U.S. Congress and was signed into law by the President (Parachini, Davis, Liston, 2003). The Department of Homeland Security was established with plans and programs it is supposed to implement through he discharge of the powers and functions which the law mandates it to exercise (Parachini, Davis, Liston, 2003). Directives and orders have been issued from that time to harness the various areas for counter terrorism from state, federal and local enforcement level. The Bureau of Justice Statistics shows that â€Å"there are 16,661 state, local, and county law enforcement agencies in the United States, and they employ a total of 677,933 sworn officers. Studies on private security staffing indicate there may be as many as 10,000 private security agencies employing slightly less than 2 million private security officers in the United States† (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). These numbers can be a good indicator of the extent of the large number that can assist public law enforcement agencies. A security organization has various functions, thus a security practitioner may be a director of security services of a large corporation or a manager of contracted security personnel at the place or office of a client or an investigator with expertise on computer crimes (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). There are two kinds of private security services, i.e. 1) â€Å"proprietary or corporate security;† and, 2) â€Å"contract or private security firms† (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). â€Å"Corporate security generally refers to the security departments that exist within businesses or corporations. Contract security firms by contrast sell their services to the public, including businesses, homeowners, and banks† (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). Public policing on the other hand, deals with the state, local law enforcement including sheriffs’ offices. Primarily these officers are responsible for peace and order and street crimes and have no concern with corporate internal operations or private economic interests (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). The advantages of private security organizations over the public law enforcement agencies are these agencies have vast resources and expert knowledge in the field. Moreover, insofar as headcount, the number of private security officers far exceed those in law enforcement which enables them to cover and protect effectively a small geographic area (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). It has been criticized for lack of certification, regulation standards, lack of rigorous pre- selection recruitment process and trainings with a high turn over of officers (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). On the other hand, law enforcement agents are subjected to rigorous screening process before acceptance in the service and the officers are subjected to background checks. They are trained and are subject to regulations. The enforcement powers given them are greater both in scope and strength. Most of the law enforcement agents and officers stay in their jobs for a long time as these jobs are considered careers (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). This enables them to establish trust with the inhabitants of the area and exchange information. However, the downside is that law enforcement work on limited resources and budget. During heavy call load days, response time most often is delayed because of the volume of incidents they respond to (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). The main problem which was identified in the public law enforcement and private security organizations partnerships is a weak information sharing. The private security organizations man private companies which are by nature organized for profit. Often, these private companies are reluctant in sharing information which may be detrimentally used against them thereby losing profits. In an interview with John Cohen, president and chief executive of PSComm LLC, he said that â€Å"A number of corporate security people are hesitant to share information with the government because they’re concerned that of the threat becomes public that could impact the value of the company’s stock. Businesses want to be sure that their information is handled in a way that doesn’t affect them from a business perspective† (Pelland, 2002). On the other hand, public law enforcement also is reluctant to share or give away information to the multi national companies who are headed by foreigners (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). This lack of trust can be attributed to the fear that these foreigners may be more inclined to protect their respective country’s interests than that of the United States. Conclusion Public law enforcement agencies in their discharge of their functions have made efforts towards proper and effective policing by eliminating crime in their respective jurisdictions through the â€Å"creation of effective partnerships with the community and other public and private-sector resources, the application of problem-solving strategies or tactics, and the transformation of agency organization and culture† (Docobo, 2005). It is on account of this that the concept of partnerships was adopted to be replicated in counter terrorism programs of the government. Even with the current declaration of homeland security, community policing in respect of crime prevention, is seen as to overlap with counter terrorism objectives (Docobo, 2005). With these partnerships, strategies become more philosophical as these are impressed in the mission and goals of the law enforcement agency. The public department itself undergoes an organizational transformation. The officers who are lower in rank are empowered to make their own decisions and take responsibilities for their acts. Thus, decision-making is decentralized and officers are given a chance to tap their creativeness in problem solving (Docobo, 2005). The idea and concept of partnership and collaboration has been widely accepted by the respective sectors. It is noted however that there is a need to increase their effectiveness in order that the purposes for which these partnerships were created would not be frustrated. The goal in these partnerships is collaboration in which their missions may overlap but they achieve the same goals through sharing resources and information. It gives many benefits for both sectors such as â€Å"creative problem-solving, increased opportunities for training, information data, and intelligence sharing, ‘force multiplier’ opportunities, access to the community through private sector communications technology, and reduced recovery time following disasters† (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). The benefits and advantages from the forged partnerships are countless. It is however important to address the weak information sharing between the groups. Working together is crucial. Communication lines also should be open with free exchange and discussion of limitations, scope of powers, lines of authority and functions of each sector is imperative so that an effective partnership can materialize. There must be a clear understanding of roles and the usefulness and necessity of the partnership, where leaders are identified. These leaders must develop trust for each and every sector executive considering that the weak information sharing was observed to be attributable to lack of trust between both sectors. By making both sectors fully and deeply aware of the roles they have to play and its importance to each of the sectors, trust may be developed. The essences of these partnerships are mainly communication, cooperation, collaboration and coordination (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). Communication refers to exchange of ideas and information while coordination requires knowledge of goals. Cooperation means sharing of personnel and resources for the accomplishment of the goal. Collaboration is based on clear understanding of the partners’ goals and the formulation of policies to achieve said goals which although may overlap, strengthens the partners (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). The Department of Homeland Security issued guidelines on how to improve the collaboration with the private sector in its report â€Å"Office for Domestic Preparedness Guidelines for Homeland Security† (DHS, 2003). It suggested among others that there be a clear understanding of the need to prevent terrorist acts; a clearing house for received information on terrorism; interpretation of this information; clear definition of tactics and strategies to counter terrorism; definition of funding priorities; formulation of assessment and procedures; and the preparation of written coordination agreements such as memorandum of agreement between public and private sectors that should contain clear delimitations of scopes of powers of each, facilitation of information, and the formulation of processes and procedures (DHS, 2003). The formalization of the coordination agreement signifies the institutionalization of the homeland security collaboration. These guidelines also identified areas which private security organizations can collaborate with the public enforcement agencies, i.e. â€Å"networking, information sharing; crime prevention; resource sharing; training; legislation; operations; and research and guidelines† (Connors, Cunningham, Ohlhausen, Oliver, and Van Meter, 2000). By entering into formal memorandum of agreement or understanding, each sector’s role, duties, and scope of powers are properly delineated to fit into the priorities and policies. Such formal agreements will give both sectors direction and clarity with respect to the procedures to be properly taken and implemented. Networking refers to discussion and meetings with the private sector to thresh out possible solutions to problems as well as limitations. Information sharing is the central component of the partnership. â€Å"Information sharing includes planning for critical incident response, protecting infrastructure, enhancing communications, minimizing liability, and strategically deploying resources† (Connors, Cunningham, Ohlhausen, Oliver, and Van Meter, 2000). Thus, meeting and conferences between representatives of both sectors is a must. Crime prevention also translates to terrorism. Terrorist acts may include initially lesser crimes to accomplish their goal of terrorism. Clearly, all information gathered from partnerships for crime prevention and peace and order may be very useful for combating terrorism. All information notwithstanding the absence of unlawful activity therefore must be shared such as those which involve unusual and suspicious activities. Technical knowledge and training may be shared by the private security organizations to the public enforcement agencies considering that the latter may lack this. Both sectors must identify legislation and assist the law makers in making these laws more responsive to the present situation. These laws should be modified if need be to be useful to both sectors in combating terrorism† (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). Both the public enforcement agencies and the private security organization may collaborate in the operational areas. This refers to joint sting operations, investigation of computer crimes and ‘white-collar’ financial fraudulent activities. Research papers and guidelines may be drawn by both sectors with respect to personnel policies and standards of the security personnel. Uniform standards and policies must be made for recruiting, selection, accepting and hiring security personnel. It is also suggested that liaison officers should be carefully trained and picked from the supervisors. They should have a clear and deep understanding of the goals and objectives of the partnership. The problem lies in the selection of those for the private security organizations as it has been recognized that they have the lack of prescreening and training standards. Thus, it was further suggested that an advisory council formulate these standards so that choosing a liaison officer as a representative of the private security sector would not be as difficult as it has been (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). In sum, the success of these collaborative partnerships rest in the full sharing, cooperation, and coordination from both sectors which may only be achieved when each of the members have reached a deep understanding of the importance of their roles and scope of their powers. By reason of the importance of homeland security and on the part of the government, it has in fact allocated a larger amount of budget to counter terrorism. Partnerships are encouraged so that geographic territory can be covered extensively. Legislation is being addressed by modifying and or by enacting new laws to support the government’s call against terrorism. Representatives from both sectors must also coordinate with the legislators so that problem areas can be identified and can be resolved by means of legislative enactments or amendments to existing laws so that it can be more responsive to the needs and objectives of the existing collaborative partnerships. References Bocobo, J. 2005, Community Policing as the Primary Prevention Strategy for Homeland Security at the Local Law Enforcement Level Homeland Security Affairs. Retrieved on November 6, 2007, from http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=1.1.4 Connors, E., W. Cunningham, P. Ohlhausen, L. Oliver, and C. Van Meter. 2000. Operation Cooperation: Guidelines. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance. Department of Homeland Security–Office for Domestic Preparedness. 2003. Office for Domestic Preparedness Guidelines for Homeland Security. Washington, DC: DHS. Morabito and Greenberg, 2005 Engaging the Private Sector: Law Enforcement and Private Security Partnerships, USDOJ. Retrieved on November 4, 2007, from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/210678.pdf. Morriss, A. 2006 The Public-Private Security Partnership: Counter Terrorism Considerations for Employers in a Post 9/11 World. Retrieved on November 4, 2007, from http://www.hastingsblj.org/archive/volume2/files/number2/9_Morriss.pdf. The 9/11 Commission. 2004. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Official Government Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Parachini, J., Davis, L., Liston, T. 2003 Homeland Security: A Compendium of Public and Private Organizations’ Policy Recommendations. Retrieved on November 6, 2007, from http://cipp.gmu.edu/archive/16_Randwhitepaper.pdf Pelland, D. 2002 ‘To help battle terrorism public and private sectors expand information sharing efforts. KPMG’s Technology: Insiders. Retrieved on November 5, 2007, from http://www.itglobalsecure.com/pdf/third_party/020913KPMG_Insider.pdf

Surface area of calcium carbonate Essay Example

Surface area of calcium carbonate Essay Example Surface area of calcium carbonate Paper Surface area of calcium carbonate Paper Introduction: The experiment taking place is between calcium carbonate [CaCO3] and hydrochloric acid [HCl]. Calcium carbonate, also known as marble, is a metamorphic rock. This is a rock that is formed over long periods of time under high temperature and pressure. It is also formed when carbon dioxide reacts with calcium hydroxide to produce calcium carbonate. Calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate + Water Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) H2O(l) When an acid reacts with a carbonate the products are salt, water and carbon dioxide gas. When hydrochloric acid reacts with calcium carbonate the products are calcium chloride, water, and carbon dioxide. The formula for this reaction is: Hydrochloric acid + Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride + Water + Carbon dioxide HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) CO2 As you can see above, in the reaction, the reactants are hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate, and the products are calcium chloride, a salt, water and carbon dioxide. The speed at which the reactants will create the products is called the rate of reaction. This follows a theory called the kinetic theory. This theory states that all states of matter contain particles, which are constantly moving/vibrating [kinetic energy]. In solids the particles are positioned close together which allows them to vibrate slightly. Between them are strong bonds that hold them together in a fixed place. The particles present in liquid have further distance between them; therefore the forces of attraction are less than in solids. The particles have weaker bonds that allow them to move. The particles in a gas are much further apart than in a solid or liquid, and have very weak bonds that allow them to move quite freely. There are virtually nil forces of attraction between the gas particles. This therefore means that solids would have the slowest rate of reactivity, liquids would me in the middle, and gasses would have the fastest rates of reaction. The factors that would affect the rate of reaction would be: Concentration of hydrochloric acid. The higher the concentration of the acid the faster the rate of reaction will be. This is because there would be more particles of hydrochloric acid present in the reaction; therefore there would be more collisions, which would therefore results in a faster rate of reaction. The following diagram can show this overleaf: As you can see, in the low concentration of hydrochloric acid, there are 5 particles present, compared to 8 particles of calcium carbonate. In the higher concentration however, there are 10 particles of hydrochloric acid present, and the same amount of calcium carbonate particles present. This should therefore double the rate at which carbon dioxide is produced as there is now double the amount of collisions occurring. Catalyst catalysts are useful in a reaction as it speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up. Most catalysts are there to speed up the rate of reaction, however some can slow them down. The ones that speed up the rate of reaction are called activators, and those that slow down the rate of reaction are called inhibitors. For example, in the reaction where the enzyme (biological catalyst) breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O2) and oxygen (O2), glycerine is sometimes added, this is in order to slow down the rate at which hydrogen peroxide is broken down during storage. Most of the catalysts that are used are transition metals and their compounds, such as the making of margarine, where a nickel catalyst is used. The nickel catalyses an addition reaction, between a double bonded hydrocarbon (alkenes), the oil, and hydrogen. The result is a solid fatty product, which is margarine. By controlling the rate of reaction (i. e. how much catalyst is used) you can also control the solidity of the margarine. A catalyst allows a substance to react more easily by reducing the activation energy. This is where the energy needed in order to break the bonds is reduced. Therefore the particles require less energy to react, and the reaction occurs faster. Catalysts can be compared to getting from a-b in a car. The normal way would be by going through small roads, however using the motorway is like using a catalyst. This is as it takes less energy (petrol) to get there as well as far less time than compared to taking the smaller roads. Temperature when particle collide with each other, they do not always react. This is, as they do not have the sufficient kinetic energy for them in order to stretch or beak the bonds in order to form the products. In some reactions, only the particles with high energy can react. This sort of situation can be compared to a car crash; if two cars hit each other at low speeds, then hardly any damage will be done, however, if the cars hit each other at a higher speed, then a lot more damage would be done to both cars. Mass of calcium carbonate chips when you increase the mass of the chips, it means that there are more particles present for the hydrochloric acid to collide with. This would cause more collisions, which means a faster rate of reaction. Surface area of calcium carbonate chips in a reaction; if one of the reactants is a solid then the surface area of the solid will affect the rate of reaction. This is because the only particles that can collide with each other are the ones at the solid-liquid interface. This is the area in which the surfaces of the marble chips come in contact with the hydrochloric acid. This would therefore mean that the larger the surface area of the marble chips, the more collisions there would be, which a higher rate of reaction is. Diagram A and B are marble chips with the same masses. Diagram be has a higher surface area, and as you can see, there are more marble particles exposed to the surrounding, which would mean that there would be a larger amount of collisions in a given amount of time.

Free Essays on Tradition

Long after these oral traditions developed, the spoken and sung were put into written form. The main reason for doing so was that they not be lost or altered, thereby losing or misrepresenting the whole past of a people. In written form, these traditions have provided the world with some of its greatest literary classics: the 'Epic of Gilgamesh' (see Babylonia and Assyria), the 'Iliad' of Homer, and much of the Old Testament portion of the Bible. The Old Testament, in fact, contains as great a variety of ancient oral traditions in written form as can be found in one book. It has creation legends, stories of epic heroism and adventure, love tales, intrigue and murder stories, lyric poetry, songs of praise, proverbs, riddles, and more.... Free Essays on Tradition Free Essays on Tradition Long after these oral traditions developed, the spoken and sung were put into written form. The main reason for doing so was that they not be lost or altered, thereby losing or misrepresenting the whole past of a people. In written form, these traditions have provided the world with some of its greatest literary classics: the 'Epic of Gilgamesh' (see Babylonia and Assyria), the 'Iliad' of Homer, and much of the Old Testament portion of the Bible. The Old Testament, in fact, contains as great a variety of ancient oral traditions in written form as can be found in one book. It has creation legends, stories of epic heroism and adventure, love tales, intrigue and murder stories, lyric poetry, songs of praise, proverbs, riddles, and more....

Ford Mustang

Ford Mustang The beginningThe Mustang started it's life when the baby boomers were just starting to drive. A brief scan of the auto industry leaves little choices. Most new cars were those of a kids parents. These cars were usually big and bulky. The new performance cars were the Corvette and the Thunderbird, but these cars were to expensive for a teenager to afford. Other sportier cars were foreign. Like the MG or the Austin Martin, but these cars offered little performance. There were also the hot rodders. These people took cars from the '30's and '40's most of which were the Ford Flat head. These engines started as a 60 or 80 horsepower. When these kid's finished with them they usually looked like a junker on the outside, but if one opened the hood they would find a piece of art work.Lee Iacocca realized this problem and went to work on a new type of car.68 - 1970 Ford Boss 302 (302cid) Dave Putnam Glenw...He wanted it to have a long hood short rear deck like the Lincoln Continental. It had to have a sporty look and be affordable. In 1962 a number of clay models were made. Iacocca wanted to display the car at the 1964 World's Fair, and time was running out. A design contest was held. Full size clay models had to be made in two weeks a process that usually took months.No one was eager to gamble on a new Idea. Committee after committee turned Iacocca down. Iacocca convinced the only man hePage 3had to, Henry Ford II.Now there was another problem a name. Many people thought that it should be Cougar the name of the design winners. Others thought that it should be Torrino, T-5, or the Thunderbird 2, Iacocca wanted it to be Mustang after the WWII...

Inclusion Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Inclusion - Term Paper Example The irrevocable truths about nature are only two; diversity and dynamicity.Everything else is ephemeral. Both of these attributes in any setting provide opportunities as well as resources for developing new concepts and strategies The concept of inclusion has gathered impetus from this diversity or from being differently-abled rather than social, cultural and even scientific biases categorizing them as â€Å"disabled†. However, the issue involves the intricacies of human brain; of the differently-abled as well as of those who are responsible for facilitating their learning. Hence, the problem is much more complex. The ongoing inclusion vs. non-inclusion debate stems from the concerns of educationists, researchers, parents and policymakers for the appropriate learning and development of these differently-abled children, efforts to make them a part of the real world, recognize their potentials and help develop skills enabling an earning, and in the process avoiding any incident that may lower their self esteem, or lead to their further exclusion. Another aspect of the debate is the uniqueness of these individuals, rendering generalizations unfair. History of Inclusion A society is judged by the way it treats its members who are different, weak, disabled and poor. Following this line of judgment, history of human civilization has abundant evidences of society being highly intolerant and unaccommodating. It has failed to provide for the ‘different’ in general; one example of which is its treatment of the differently-abled learners such as the physically, intellectually or behaviorally disabled for long; making amendments only recently. For a long period extending up to the beginning of 18th century, individuals different from the ‘normal’ exhibiting social, political, behavioral, intellectual and physical deviance were rarely tolerated, and usually ostracized. It was only in the middle of 18th century that first reports of education being systematically imparted to the disabled in European countries are recorded; the process accepted as a specific branch of education by the close of 18th century (Winzer, 1993). In USA, prior to 1970, legal provisions allowed educational institutions to deny admission to the disabled considering them unfit for learning (Murdick, Gartin, & Crabtree, 2006). There was also either no provision for special needs students who were allowed in regular schools or they received an excluded education in a segregated classroom or school with a curriculum completely different from the regular classrooms i.e. non-inclusive education. It was only in between the 1960s and 75 that a collaborative effort of parents, disabled individuals and professionals lead to formation of advocacy groups promoting ‘equal opportunity for education’. The enactment of the 1970 education act in 1971 ended the prejudices against disabled children allowing them to be categorized as uneducable. Section 504 of the rehabilitation act passed on September 26, 1973 aimed to overcome the discrimination against individuals with handicap for federal funding (Zirkel & Kincaid, 1995). However with lack of funding and monitoring the legislation was ignored by educational institutions. The landmark Warnock report (1978) in England, Wales and Scotland proved to be turning point in developing public and professional opinion about disabled children. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), (earlier known as the Education for all Handicapped Children Act) or Public law 94-142, passed in 1975 and amended in 1983 and again in 1990; lay down specific eligibilities regarding special education, parental rights and individualized educational programs (IEP). The three conditions that were to be fulfilled for special education drives were stipulated to be: Education of disabled children

Essay on Government Borrowing Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Government Borrowing - Essay Example The government borrows majorly through issuing treasury bills, Canada Savings Bonds, and marketable bonds in domestic and foreign markets. The Financial Administration Act dictates that Governor in Council has the mandate to authorize the Minister to borrow money on behalf of Her Majesty in the right of Canada. The government borrowing has been too high and the interest is very low. The government Canada reported a net debt of approximately $ 616.9 billion in the fiscal year 2010-11. This was a rise by $ 34.4 billion from 2009-10. Canada’s total government net debt-to-GDP ratio hit 30.4 per cent in the year 2010 (Department of Finance of Canada, 2012). This paper will explore the issue of high government borrowing and low interest rates. It will give economic measures to tackle the problem in Canada. The level of government borrowing is crucial ingredient of fiscal policy and management of aggregate demand in any economy. When an individual government runs a budget deficit, it implies that in that fiscal year, total government spending exceeds total tax revenue. When a government experiences a deficit in its budget estimates, it has to borrow in order to bridge the gap. This forces the government to issue its debt as Treasury Bills and long-term government bonds through central bank. The negative effects of Canadian government’s high borrowing are duplicated in the in the financial statements of the country. In the 31 March 2011, the Department of Finance of Canada announced that interest-bearing debt was $ 801.8 billion. This was an increase by $ 39.0 billion from the year 2010. Similarly, the un-matured debt was higher by 32.0 Canadian dollars. In addition, liabilities for pension and other benefits for employees went higher by 7.3 billion Canadian dollars. Increase in government borrowing through issuing of bonds such as treasury bills and securities to pay interest in fixed period or indefinitely (Department of Finance of Canada, 2012). Canada has not registered positive results fiscal stimulus. The economic stimulus seems it is not effective. The government borrowing has led to low interest rates making government run a budget deficit. In addition, fiscal stimulus has demonstrated inflationary effects that results from high demand. Fiscal stimulus entails the proposition that through borrowing money and spending it, the government can raise the state of economy. This is through raising inputs and lowering the numbers of jobless. Fiscal stimulus can increase aggregate demand. Theoretically, printing money can be a form of fiscal stimulus. This is because money counts as a transfer payment. People will have a lot of money because of increased printing. However, in practice people do not just keep many dollars of their extra cash. People will spend the extra amount of money creating demand for services and goods. The increased aggregate demand leads to inflation. This is the state bedeviling Canada. The high borrowing of g overnment seems to create problems rather than to develop economy in Canada. When the government borrows money from private sector this corresponds to increase in spending on its part. However, government borrowing limits the spending of private sector. This therefore implies that job opportunities, which fiscal stimulus seeks to created are offset through decline in private spending. Canada is grappling with the same situation. Too much borrowing seems to impair the

Assessment and Measurement Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessment and Measurement - Personal Statement Example ying to the JMU’s Assessment and Measurement Doctoral program hoping to enjoy such an enriching academic experience that will enable me to graduate as a global citizen. I am particularly interested in studying Assessment and Measurement at the JMU because of the program’s vision of preparing graduates that meet the increasing require need for quality assurance and accountability not only in education but other sectors such as business, healthcare etc. the programs goals of preparing quality graduates through extensive training that combines both theory and practical, conducting high quality scholarship that enhances knowledge for effective practice and providing services that promote professionalism in assessment & measurement attract me to be part of the JMU community. I hope to graduate from the program equipped with skills in designing assessment strategies, performing empirical investigations of new assessment techniques, analysis of empirical data, proper use of assessment outcomes, appropriate strategies to communicate assessment to different audience types and appropriate response to current & new measures of assessment as the world c ontinues to evolve. Currently I hold a bachelors degree from the Kind Khalid University- College of Education specializing in mathematics and a Master’s degree from the University of King Saud in Statistics. I also have an extensive work experience in public service. I also poses professional certification in project management. I have worked as a consultant with the Institute of Public Administration and the ministry of service since September, 2013. I am also a member of the training team at the IPA, have worked with the Ministry of Education since the year 2004 and statistician at the King Saud University. Given my extensive work as a teacher and trainer with different groups as well as educational background in mathematics & statics as well as professional certification in project management I believe I have the

Case analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case analysis paper - Essay Example Howard was of a humble background and little was known about him in his early years. He studied in a poor school and his life had financial challenges that at one point he was even selling blood and bartending just to make ends meet (Schultz 25). He later grew to become a great salesman and switched from his career as vice president of a Swedish kitchen equipment firm to help the Starbucks stores grow their business. He worked on expanding this business, which he successfully did until the owners sold the whole Starbucks Company to him. Howard has been a true inspiration of how hard work and determination are necessary requirements for the growth and expansion of any business (Schultz 30). He has endured threats and trying times but his company is still among the best to this day. Many critics opposed his expansion plans to cities such as Chicago and Los Angeles but his sheer determination and persistence saw him become a top brand countrywide in a few years. We see that this man was not only making a difference in his life but was also focused on improving the lives of all around him (Schultz 40). Howard Schultz has devoted much of his time to corporate responsibility and has been very keen on making sure that his employees are happy at the work place. To evaluate the performance of this highly successful company, we are going to use the SWOT analysis on Starbucks. Among its strengths is the fact that Starbucks has built its name to be a brand name in the coffee business in the United States and globally. This is due to its specialty in the coffee sector (Schultz 50). The company CEO Howard Schultz is also a barista. This is important due to the fact that this implies he has expert knowledge of the services he is providing to his customers. He is able to relate with his employees as well. Among the other strengths is the huge customer loyalty base the Starbucks has attracted. These customers are willing to

Virgin Atlantic A Premium Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Virgin Atlantic A Premium Brand - Essay Example Premium Economy class offered by Virgin constitutes a major chunk of its business that provides larger seats, priority in baggage reclaim, a cabin-exclusive crew, dedicated check-in and more that distinguishes them from the other airliners. Over these years, the VA brand is recognised as one of the most reliable and consumer-friendly air carrier that people have been ready to pay premium on their air travel; however, post 2008 financial crisis has caused major upheavals in the aviation industry. In last couple of years, numerous mergers have taken place among the major airliners and that has posed a grave threat to the VA. It becomes utmost necessary that Virgin forms a suitable merger or a strategic partnership with some other large airlines to improve its competitive edge over its rivals. Introduction Virgin airlines (VA) began its operations a way back in 1984 with a single route to New York; however, expanding its operations ever since then, currently, the Virgin flies to more th an 30 destinations with total 38 aircrafts at its disposal. At the home turf, Virgin competes with British Airways (BA) and holds number two position right behind BA beating many US carriers in the process. Competing with BA at all major routes is a big feat indeed! The paper aims at identifying and analysing the competitive strategy that Virgin Atlantic has deployed all these years against the formidable airlines of the world. Virgin Atlantic's Mission Statement Virgin Atlantic's mission statement is "To grow a profitable airline, that people love to fly and where people love to work" (Strategy and Policy, 2012). Objectives VA’s long-term objective is to grow and expand into a profitable airline creating a strong brand name in the aviation industry. In a bid to fulfill these objectives, the company moved to Heathrow in 1991. Since then the company has been able to push through many routes and several markets. Creating Competitive Strategy Lomax and Raman (2006) define compet itive advantage as the means that are necessary for the company to outperform its rivals in terms of earning higher than average profits. Hooley et al. (2008) argue that a well-formulated marketing strategy should be in place based on the competitive environment in which the company operates. Product positioning or niche marketing can derive benefits to the company when harnessed strategically (Johnson, 2011). Virgin competes with British Airways, Continental, American Airlines, United and Delta on transatlantic routes; BA, Cathay Pacific, ANA, and JAL to the Far East; SAA and BA to South Africa. Virgin has instituted a two class system for its passengers: Economy class and Upper Class. Economy class is further segmented into Premium Economy and Economy Class. Virgin employs several marketing techniques using its distinct logo to market its products and services that include print media, electronic media, taxi sides, outdoor posters. The sole purpose is to increase the awareness amo ng consumers about its products and services and inform the people about new routes. During off seasons, tactical promotional schemes are offered to increase the occupancy rates in air routes. Direct mail is another method used to inform about the new offerings and services. Frequent flyer programmes are used to increase the loyalty among existing customers.

Robin Hood Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Robin Hood - Case Study Example e the current modus oparendi is not sustainable given that the rich may altogether stop passing through the forest effectively killing their revenue stream. On the face of it, expansion looks like a good plan since it would allow the members to continue pillaging and hunting to sustain themselves with an increased base. However in the end this will likely put them at loggerheads with the community including the poor they are trying to help ergo this plans is simply a time buying ill-advised tactic. On the other hand, imposing a transit tax is a good idea since the rich are going out of their way to travel around the forest at a great cost to reduce the risk of losing their goods to the merry men (Lampel). Therefore, Robin should calculate approximately how much it costs to go round the forest and charge a transit tax of slightly less than that. In addition, he should enforce discipline and civility to ensure that the wealthy traders are not harassed, this way when they realize that going through the forest will be less pricy that circumnavigating it they will be more willing to resume their old route. The band will then have a marginally smaller but constant source of revenue, which is better than the unsustainable take all technique. On the up side of joining the barons in raising the money to free the king is that he would not have to live outside of the laws, in addition the sheriff and cruel king John would be no longer be a concern since the King Richard would dispose of them. In addition, the grateful monarch would likely pardon and perhaps reward the merry men. Nevertheless, there is a downside to this plan, for one, the king would mostly likely not let the men keep collecting taxes in his land and in the long run he may hunt them down and they end up becoming the same outlaws they were to start with. In addition, King John realized what was happening behind his backs, he could take drastic action and give the sheriff more reinforcements to attack the

Case analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case analysis paper - Essay Example Howard was of a humble background and little was known about him in his early years. He studied in a poor school and his life had financial challenges that at one point he was even selling blood and bartending just to make ends meet (Schultz 25). He later grew to become a great salesman and switched from his career as vice president of a Swedish kitchen equipment firm to help the Starbucks stores grow their business. He worked on expanding this business, which he successfully did until the owners sold the whole Starbucks Company to him. Howard has been a true inspiration of how hard work and determination are necessary requirements for the growth and expansion of any business (Schultz 30). He has endured threats and trying times but his company is still among the best to this day. Many critics opposed his expansion plans to cities such as Chicago and Los Angeles but his sheer determination and persistence saw him become a top brand countrywide in a few years. We see that this man was not only making a difference in his life but was also focused on improving the lives of all around him (Schultz 40). Howard Schultz has devoted much of his time to corporate responsibility and has been very keen on making sure that his employees are happy at the work place. To evaluate the performance of this highly successful company, we are going to use the SWOT analysis on Starbucks. Among its strengths is the fact that Starbucks has built its name to be a brand name in the coffee business in the United States and globally. This is due to its specialty in the coffee sector (Schultz 50). The company CEO Howard Schultz is also a barista. This is important due to the fact that this implies he has expert knowledge of the services he is providing to his customers. He is able to relate with his employees as well. Among the other strengths is the huge customer loyalty base the Starbucks has attracted. These customers are willing to

Robin Hood Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Robin Hood - Case Study Example e the current modus oparendi is not sustainable given that the rich may altogether stop passing through the forest effectively killing their revenue stream. On the face of it, expansion looks like a good plan since it would allow the members to continue pillaging and hunting to sustain themselves with an increased base. However in the end this will likely put them at loggerheads with the community including the poor they are trying to help ergo this plans is simply a time buying ill-advised tactic. On the other hand, imposing a transit tax is a good idea since the rich are going out of their way to travel around the forest at a great cost to reduce the risk of losing their goods to the merry men (Lampel). Therefore, Robin should calculate approximately how much it costs to go round the forest and charge a transit tax of slightly less than that. In addition, he should enforce discipline and civility to ensure that the wealthy traders are not harassed, this way when they realize that going through the forest will be less pricy that circumnavigating it they will be more willing to resume their old route. The band will then have a marginally smaller but constant source of revenue, which is better than the unsustainable take all technique. On the up side of joining the barons in raising the money to free the king is that he would not have to live outside of the laws, in addition the sheriff and cruel king John would be no longer be a concern since the King Richard would dispose of them. In addition, the grateful monarch would likely pardon and perhaps reward the merry men. Nevertheless, there is a downside to this plan, for one, the king would mostly likely not let the men keep collecting taxes in his land and in the long run he may hunt them down and they end up becoming the same outlaws they were to start with. In addition, King John realized what was happening behind his backs, he could take drastic action and give the sheriff more reinforcements to attack the

Hurricane Charley Essay Example for Free

Hurricane Charley Essay Trees down every where, houses crushed, roofs gone, thousands of people without power, cars damaged, people dieing. Hurricane Charley was perhaps one of most devastating events that I have ever experienced, in my entire life. The next morning after hurricane Charley hit, we drove outside and saw the devastating remains that Charley left. The roads were full of chaos, with no traffic lights, and the gas lines were insanely long. I was very fortunate to only loose my power and cable, in comparison to some people loosing a loved one. This hurricane caused approximately $20 billion in damages, which is nothing compared the 19 lives it took. I learned to never underestimate the effects of a hurricane, always be prepared for a hurricane, and to always think and help the less fortunate. Hurricane Charley wasnt perceived as a very powerful hurricane to a lot of people as it progressed more towards Central Florida. I feel that a lot of people were not very prepared for Charley, just as I wasnt. When I heard about this hurricane coming I thought, Oh, another hurricane coming, there is going to be a lot of rain. I didnt think it was going to be a big deal at all. After the hurricane hit, I realized that I was completely wrong. One should always be prepared for a hurricane. I think that this statement is most definitely true, and should be carried out by everyone. Every household should have plenty of water, money, gas, batteries, flashlights, and many other things stashed away in their houses. There were major gas outages at the gas stations, because people were filling up their generators and cars. One of the major problems was that almost everyone was out of power, so you could cook or keep things cold without a generator. This lead to everyone needed ice to keep their very expensive groceries cold. When I looked back at what resulted from Charley, I actually feel fortunate. Yes, Charley did cause my dad lost business, left a lot of yard for me, left power and cable outages, and hundreds of dollars of meat to go bad. When I thought about this I felt kind of unfortunate but, when I thought about the people that starve day after day on normal bases in places like Africa, I feel fortunate. A lot of people in other countries dont ever have power, cable, or even houses for that matter. I think that after events like this,  we should all pull together and help one another. Volunteer to help your neighbors and people that had it worse then you, have free barbeques with your meat that is going to go bad anyway, and most of all give everyone moral support. I think that Charley was a very important learning experience for a lot of us and should be thought about in different views. If you think about it, were you that effected by hurricane Charley? Did you take your power for granted? Were you well prepared for this hurricane? Did you underestimate Charley? All of these are important things to think about as you look back on Charley.

Implementing Green Initiative In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

Implementing Green Initiative In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay The main objective of this research proposal is to discuss how the research process will be carried out on the selected topic. The topic for this research is Service Industry (Food and Beverage industry) perceptive on implementing Go Green initiative in Malaysia. This topic is chosen due to the fact that there is a limited research that applies to the Malaysian FB market. The purpose of this proposal is to shows how the actual research will be carried out on the topic. However, due to the limitation of the research, the research content will contain background analysis of green practices in Malaysia as well as in other counties. An other aspects of the research are based on demographic, attitude and behaviour of how the service industry has perceived in implementing such concept from its dimension of awareness, understanding and acceptance. By breaking down and studying these aspects, it will help to provide the actual information that is useful for the service industry players to become a sustainable FB industry and take initiative on such practices. This proposal will later discuss how this concept has been implemented in other countries. This is to develop a theoretical framework of these aspects and form a Go Green framework. This includes comparison of current implementations of Go green initiatives. Moreover, the research will also look into whether the government should enforce regulations on the FB industry for Go Green initiatives as default practices. Introduction Irrespective of industries, a business is governed with the intension of being Profitable, Sustainable, Productive and aims at achieving the highest level of customer loyalty towards their products and services. Achievements of profitability in businesses are focused more on increased revenue, lower cost of operations and higher profits. Long term growth, consistent revenue and profits, low cost of labour and resources, and being self-sufficient is the focus of businesses in terms of sustainability. Optimal usage of resources, Better utilization and optimal usage of assets are the main focus of businesses for productivity. Increased customer loyalty and increase in customer traffic are the focus of businesses for customer loyalty. In the above mentioned context, sustainability and productivity is a major impact to the FB organization to achieve positive profitability. As a result of industrys major impact, Going Green concept focuses service industry to become sustainable and productive with low cost, and optimal utilization of both assets and resources. Research Problem The idea of going green is relatively new to the food service industry in Malaysia compare to other industry sectors. This is due to the fact that there is limited industrial research and government regulations undertaken on green restaurant concept implementation and its practices in Malaysian market context. Malaysian FB industry is not a highly regulated market by the Malaysian government. Licenses to operate a FB outlet is not a combined effort of various agencies but limited to Ministry of Health and other licensing agencies. Department of environment and other agencies are generally not involved. The legislations / rules and laws of Department of environment and other related agencies are more concentrated on environment issues that are generated by commercial establishments in terms of pollution control and not green initiatives. Therefore, this research focuses on understanding and comprehension of various processes, methodologies and best practices for a Go Green framework for the food and beverage industry in Malaysia. There are two reasons that this research has carried out on this specific topic. Green related articles were already published in Malaysia. Environmental concerned green programmes have been implemented in Malaysia since many years ago. And also many articles that related to its programmes has being published in various sectors like waste management, green building, recycle policy, organic food sectors, hospitality and tourism sector, and etc. Especially in service industry perceptive, there are very limited or almost none have been published green related articles. Provided government regulations are not clearly specify for service industry. There available data like environmental education, green building index, green technology guidelines and process, however, there are no clear information that are stated for service industry to follow. Appendix 1 shows that industry commitment in Green initiative has increased from 2008 to 2009, thus research was analyzed by restaurant industry forecast, 2010. However, such kind of focus has not been done in Malaysia restaurant industry. These shows that service industry in Malaysia has very limited research that give clear information on Go green implementation. From this research, industry will benefit the actual information of industry players perceptive and the best suitable framework of Go green implementation in Malaysian market context. Research Objective To measure the degrees of industry awareness towards the green restaurant concept in Malaysia market context. To identify and understand existing knowledge of green restaurant concept among Malaysia market. To discover the market acceptance ability of green restaurant concept. Develop a framework for the industry to accept Go Green concept to be implemented for long term sustainability. Objectives of the research aim to understand the used of Go green concept in service industry. This is due to limited research has not been done in this particular study area in Malaysia. The outcome of the research will not only benefits to the industry players but also will give a clear framework of how industry can sustain by developing this idea. Therefore, the research will carry out to investigate how industry perceived and identify needs of framework to implement the concept. Research Questions How good is the industry player aware of a green restaurant concept? What is their understanding of the Green restaurant concept, and what is their current contribution towards going green? What is their existing methods or processes of having a sustainable business? Is the Malaysian Food and beverage market willing to accept green restaurant concept practises? Is the food and beverage industry acceptable for the Go green initiatives to be a government regulation? Literature Review Definition Go Green or Going Green is a concerned with the protection of the environment (Oxford Advanced learners Dictutionary, 2000); steps to conserve energy, reduce pollution and save money ( The U.S. Chamber of commerce Small Business Nation). Caroline S. Tauxe (2009, Vol.5 No.1) mentioned that green practices as a cost-saving response to the effect of high energy prices on operations and on supply and distribution chains, and these measures are valued first in terms of efficiency gains. In restaurant industry, green restaurants may be defined as new or renovated structures designed, constructed, operated, and demolished in an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient manner (Lorenzini 1994, 119) cited by Hsin-Hui Hu, H.G. Parsa, and Self.J, 2010. In Union for reform Judaism (2010) stated that going green defines as the activity of adding sustainability principles and considerations into the planning process of an event or organizational or personal lifestyle. According to Ministry for the environment of New Zealand defines a sustainable industry as an industry that anticipates economic, environmental and social trends to minimise risk and takes opportunities to improve comparative advantage. A research of Schubert.F (2008) mentioned that companies across all sectors try to develop products and practices with minimized environmental effect as part of social responsible practices, but also in order to establish themselves in a new niche for consumers with environmental concerns this is also true for the hospitality and tourism industry where businesses often rely on the integrity of the environment. Hotels located in natural areas such as mountains or beaches for example, are especially dependent on the healthiness of their sites, and therefore some have been engaging in green practices and eco-tourism for several years. Restaurants however, are often less dependent to such environmental factors and have therefore shown less care for these issues. Areas of green practices Green restaurant association (GRA) explained that fully transformed green restaurant provides a comprehensive and user-friendly method of rewarding existing restaurants foodservices operations, new builds, and events with points in each of the green restaurant associations seven environmental categories. Seven categories which compiled with water efficiency, waste reduction and recycling, sustainable furnishings and building materials, sustainable food, energy, disposables, and chemical and pollution reduction. Hence, the restaurant who are pursuing for becoming fully integrated green restaurant from GRA are also require to use products like- chlorine-free paper products, nontoxic cleaning and chemical products, renewable power, and green building and construction (Wallace.A, 2005). One of the most popular going green concepts is done by practicing the 3R principle which is by reducing, reusing, and recycling the resources used, using organic products, and installing equipments with green technology. In the restaurant industry, small daily savings often make the difference between long-term profit and loss (Restaurant waste minimization guidebook, State of Havaii). In addition, a restaurants costs go up when it installs pricey equipment to make its operation more sustainable and pay extra to source ingredients that meet sustainability standards (Observer,2010). Furthermore, Schubert.F (2008) highlighted that the details of creating an Environmentally Sustainable Restaurant Industry- Green restaurant association (GRA) has also provides guideline for the following areas: Energy Efficiency Conservation: Energy efficient technologies and conservation practices exist for lighting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, foodservice appliances, office equipment and transportation. Water Efficiency Conservation: Water efficient technologies and conservation practices exist for foodservice appliances, equipment, and landscaping. Recycling Composting: Recycling services exist for many waste products such as glass, plastic, metal, cardboard, mixed paper, grease, ink toner cartridge. Food waste can be diverted from landfills and made into nutrient-rich soil through the use of a composting service or an on-site system. Sustainable Food: Sustainable food products support the long-term maintenance of ecosystem and agriculture for future generations. Organic agriculture prohibits the use of toxic synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, irradiation, sewage sludge, and genetic engineering. Locally grown food reduce the amount of pollution associated with transportation primarily by fossil fuels. Plant-based food require fewer natural resources and create less pollution per calorie consumed. Pollution Prevention: Pollution prevention is achieved through source reduction, reuse, or improving operational practices. Recycled, Tree-free, Biodegradable Organic Products: Recycled products are made from materials that are collected from post-consumer or post-industrial waste sources. Tree-free products are made from alternative plant sources such as hemp or kenaf. Biodegradable products are capable of being decomposed by biological agents, especially bacterial. Organic products are grown without the use of toxic synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, irradiation, sewage sludge, and genetic engineering. Chlorine-Free Paper Products: Chlorine-free paper products are unbleached or whitened with alternatives such as hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, and ozone. Non-toxic Cleaning Chemical Products: Non-toxic cleaning and chemical products are biodegradable, free of hazardous ingredients, and are safe for people, animals and environment when used properly. Green Power: Electricity and power is available from renewable resources such as wind, solar, geothermal, small hydro and biomass. These energy sources cause dramatically less air pollution and environmental damage compared to fossil fuel, nuclear, and large-scale hydroelectric energy sources. Green Building Construction: Green design and construction practices significantly reduce or eliminate the negative impact of buildings on the environment, occupants, and the local community. Education: Education of staff on the environmental impact of the restaurant industry and a path toward ecological sustainability. Benefit of Go Green Publicity The GRA and its certified green restaurants have been featured in the following media outlets: NBC Nightly News, The Wall Street Journal, Time Magazine, CNN, The Washington Post, The New York Times, National Public Radio (NPR) and etc (cited by dinegreen.com). Cut costs In dine-green website mentioned that some restaurants that are green certified save thousands of dollars each year, and through the help of the GRAs consultants, are able to access rebates, incentives and other money saving programs. Improve staff productivity and morale Staff awareness of going green due to the fact that the industry is currently run by young entrepreneurs who are aware of the environmental issues. GRA have reported that staff productivity and morale increase upon their certification. Restaurant employees have demonstrated that they want to work for businesses that are making real, credible and transparent environmental changes. Being a part of the solution to our worlds environmental problems goes a long way in gaining a restaurant employees loyalty. (Cited in dinegreen.com) Increase in new customers and customer loyalty Eating out has always been considered a splurge or extravagance in the average Americans budget. The growing trend in restaurant dining is that consumers want to feel as if they have done something good, other than just having nice meal. This fact alone can drive in new customers and create loyal ones. (Cited in dinegreen.com) Stay ahead of legislation Environmental legislation for restaurants is sweeping across the world, from plastic bag and Styrofoam bands, to recycling mandates. More and more cities are in the process of either considering or passing legislation relating to matters of restaurants and the environment. Because Certified Green restaurants have already completed these important environmental changes voluntarily, when legislation strikes, the GRAs restaurants are able to continue running their businesses while their competitors are scrambling to comply with the latest mandates. (Cited by dinegreen.com) Industry perception and acceptance of Go Green According to Oxford Dictionary for the Business World (1993), perception is an intuitive recognition of and an aesthetic quality; a way of seeing, understanding. Perception is the terms used to cover those processes, which gives coherence, unity and meaning to a persons sensory input. It involves all those processes we use to select, sort, organise and interpret sensory data to make meaningful and coherent picture of our world (Rice, 1993) cited by Kamal Izzuwan Bin Ramli, Noor Suhaila Binti Yusof, Muharis Bin HJ. Mohamed, 2004). A frequent research by Hu.H.H, Parsa.H.G and Self.J (2010) said that knowledge of sustainable restaurant operation is an important determinant of intention to patronize a green restaurant. Research Conceptual Framework Awareness of going green The following are some points that will be made during the awareness stage. Awareness of the businesses on the green initiatives, Availability of information for these businesses about going green Understating green objectives The following are some points that will be made during the understanding stage. Existing knowledge on going green Knowledge on the impact of the current environment on not going green. Knowledge on how they can be profitable and have a sustainable business by going green Acceptance of going green The following are some points that will be made during the acceptance stage. Weather they are willing to invest in going green initiatives Participation in going green by changing business processes Investments into resources to go green Methodology Methodology of this research will be used base on the primary data and secondary data. Primary data will be collected by using survey questionnaires to the restaurant managers and owners around Kuala Lumpur. Secondary data will be gathered from the relevant academic journals, books, published magazines and articles, and also internet sources. Basically, the survey questionnaires will be distributed to three different types of restaurant such as: fast food restaurants, casual dining restaurants and semi-fine dining or fine dining restaurants. Approximately 30 survey questionnaires will be distributed as sample. The questionnaires will be demonstrated in demographic, attitude and behaviour study on each type of restaurants. This is to ensure there is a balance in different types of service restaurants owner perceptive on Go green concept implementations in Malaysia. The outcome of this survey will give better understanding on how restaurant owners aware and deep analysis of their understanding on this concept. And also it will help to indicate the best options of practices needed for the Malaysian market context. Secondary data will be collected from academic journals, books, relevant magazines and articles, and internet sources. This will enhance the better understanding on theoretical framework of Go green concept practices. In additionally, local government data and non-government organisation data will also include in this research. This is to clarify such concept has been performed in other industry sector as well as to identify the availability of Green supply chain in Malaysia. From above mention data collections, this research will shows industry perceptive on implementing Go green concept and it will also show the best options of practices for Malaysia market which may or may not be an exact practices to compare to other country.